{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T18:18:34Z","timestamp":1776449914070,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,30]],"date-time":"2022-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656547200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"General Research Fund","award":["15609421"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["15609421"]}]},{"name":"General Research Fund","award":["15603920"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["15603920"]}]},{"name":"General Research Fund","award":["1-CD81"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1-CD81"]}]},{"name":"Hong Kong Ph.D. Fellowship Scheme from the Research Grants Council of Hong Kong","award":["15609421"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["15609421"]}]},{"name":"Hong Kong Ph.D. Fellowship Scheme from the Research Grants Council of Hong Kong","award":["15603920"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["15603920"]}]},{"name":"Hong Kong Ph.D. Fellowship Scheme from the Research Grants Council of Hong Kong","award":["1-CD81"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1-CD81"]}]},{"name":"Research Institute for Land and Space","award":["15609421"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["15609421"]}]},{"name":"Research Institute for Land and Space","award":["15603920"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["15603920"]}]},{"name":"Research Institute for Land and Space","award":["1-CD81"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1-CD81"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The synergy of fine-to-moderate-resolutin (i.e., 10\u201360 m) satellite data of the Landsat-8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) and the Sentinel-2 Multispectral Instrument (MSI) provides a possibility to monitor the dynamics of sensitive aquatic systems. However, it is imperative to assess the spectral consistency of both sensors before developing new algorithms for their combined use. This study evaluates spectral consistency between OLI and MSI-A\/B, mainly in terms of the top-of-atmosphere reflectance (\u03c1t), Rayleigh-corrected reflectance (\u03c1rc),\u00a0and\u00a0remote-sensing reflectance (Rrs). To check the spectral consistency under various atmospheric and aquatic conditions, near-simultaneous same-day overpass images of OLI and MSI-A\/B were selected over diverse coastal and inland areas across Mainland China and Hong Kong. The results showed that spectral data obtained from OLI and MSI-A\/B were consistent. The difference in the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of the OLI and MSI-A products was ~8% in \u03c1t and ~10% in both \u03c1rc\u00a0and Rrs for all the matching bands, whereas the MAPE for OLI and MSI-B was ~3.7% in \u03c1t, ~5.7% in \u03c1rc, and ~7.5%\u00a0in\u00a0Rrs for all visible bands except the ultra-blue band. Overall, the green band was the most consistent, with the lowest MAPE of \u2264 4.6% in all the products. The linear regression model suggested that product difference decreased significantly after band adjustment with the highest reduction rate in Rrs (NIR band) and Rrs (red band) for the OLI\u2013MSI-A and OLI\u2013MSI-B comparison, respectively. Further, this study discussed the combined use of OLI and MSI-A\/B data for (i) time series of the total suspended solid concentrations (TSS) over coastal and inland waters; (ii) floating algae area comparison; and (iii) tracking changes in coastal floating algae (FA). Time series analysis of the TSS showed that seasonal variation was well-captured by the combined use of sensors. The analysis of the floating algae bloom area revealed that the algae area was consistent, however, the difference increases as the time difference between the same-day overpasses increases. Furthermore, tracking changes in coastal FA over two months showed that thin algal slicks (width &lt; 500 m) can be detected with an adequate spatial resolution of the OLI and the MSI.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14133155","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]],"date-time":"2022-07-01T01:40:36Z","timestamp":1656639636000},"page":"3155","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Evaluating Landsat-8 and Sentinel-2 Data Consistency for High Spatiotemporal Inland and Coastal Water Quality Monitoring"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1996-7126","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sidrah","family":"Hafeez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Land Surveying and Geo-Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6439-6775","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Man Sing","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Land Surveying and Geo-Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China"},{"name":"Research Institute for Land and Space, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3417-217X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sawaid","family":"Abbas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Geographic Information System, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan"},{"name":"Remote Sensing, GIS and Climatic Research Lab (RSGCRL), National Center of GIS and Space Applications, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5976-7167","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad","family":"Asim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and Technology, Earth Observation Division, The Arctic University of Norway, 9019 Troms\u00f8, Norway"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"584","article-title":"A global analysis of human settlement in coastal zones","volume":"19","author":"Small","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. 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