{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T17:53:44Z","timestamp":1775066024103,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]],"date-time":"2022-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656633600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this paper, a tracking and pointing control system with dual-FSM (fast steering mirror) composite axis is proposed. It is applied to the target-tracking accuracy control in a 3D GISC LiDAR (three-dimensional ghost imaging LiDAR via sparsity constraint) system. The tracking and pointing imaging control system of the dual-FSM 3D GISC LiDAR proposed in this paper is a staring imaging method with multiple measurements, which mainly solves the problem of high-resolution remote-sensing imaging of high-speed moving targets when the technology is transformed into practical applications. In the research of this control system, firstly, we propose a method that combines motion decoupling and sensor decoupling to solve the mechanical coupling problem caused by the noncoaxial sensor installation of the FSM. Secondly, we suppress the inherent mechanical resonance of the FSM in the control system. Thirdly, we propose the optical path design of a dual-FSM 3D GISC LiDAR tracking imaging system to solve the problem of receiving aperture constraint. Finally, after sufficient experimental verification, our method is shown to successfully reduce the coupling from 7% to 0.6%, and the precision tracking bandwidth reaches 300 Hz. Moreover, when the distance between the GISC system and the target is 2.74 km and the target flight speed is 7 m\/s, the tracking accuracy of the system is improved from 15.7 \u03bcrad (\u03c3) to 2.2 \u03bcrad (\u03c3), and at the same time, the system recognizes the target contour clearly. Our research is valuable to put the GISC technology into practical applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14133167","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,4]],"date-time":"2022-07-04T20:59:18Z","timestamp":1656968358000},"page":"3167","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["A Tracking Imaging Control Method for Dual-FSM 3D GISC LiDAR"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0250-7353","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu","family":"Cao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Xi\u2019an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics of CAS, Xi\u2019an 710119, China"},{"name":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710049, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"},{"name":"CAS Key Laboratory of Space Precision Measurement Technology, Xi\u2019an 710119, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiuqin","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xi\u2019an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics of CAS, Xi\u2019an 710119, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xueming","family":"Qian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haitao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xi\u2019an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics of CAS, Xi\u2019an 710119, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Hao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xi\u2019an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics of CAS, Xi\u2019an 710119, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Meilin","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xi\u2019an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics of CAS, Xi\u2019an 710119, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4348-7632","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xubin","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xi\u2019an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics of CAS, Xi\u2019an 710119, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Junfeng","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xi\u2019an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics of CAS, Xi\u2019an 710119, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mingliang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Quantum Optics and Center for Cold Atom Physics of CAS, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chenglong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Quantum Optics and Center for Cold Atom Physics of CAS, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mei, X., Wang, C., Pan, L., Wang, P., Gong, W., and Han, S. 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