{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T22:42:09Z","timestamp":1774478529864,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,4]],"date-time":"2022-07-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656892800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Science and Engineering Research Board","award":["SB\/DGH\/59\/2013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SB\/DGH\/59\/2013"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Large-scale debris cover glacier mapping can be efficiently conducted from high spatial resolution (HSR) remote sensing imagery using object-based image analysis (OBIA), which works on a group of pixels. This paper presents the spectral and spatial capabilities of OBIA to classify multiple glacier cover classes using a multisource approach by integrating multispectral, thermal, and slope information into one workflow. The novel contributions of this study are effective mapping of small yet important geomorphological features, classification of shadow regions without manual corrections, discrimination of snow\/ice, ice-mixed debris, and supraglacial debris without using shortwave infrared bands, and an adaptation of an area-weighted error matrix specifically built for assessing OBIA\u2019s accuracy. The large-scale glacier cover map is produced with a high overall accuracy of \u224894% (area-weighted error matrix). The proposed OBIA approach also proved to be effective in mapping minor geomorphological features such as small glacial lakes, exposed ice faces, debris cones, rills, and crevasses with individual class accuracies in the range of 96.9\u2013100%. We confirm the portability of our proposed approach by comparing the results with reference glacier inventories and applying it to different sensor data and study areas.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14133202","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,4]],"date-time":"2022-07-04T20:59:18Z","timestamp":1656968358000},"page":"3202","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Large-Scale Debris Cover Glacier Mapping Using Multisource Object-Based Image Analysis Approach"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5061-0147","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kavita V.","family":"Mitkari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Punjab Engineering College (Deemed to Be University), Chandigarh 160012, Punjab, India"}]},{"given":"Manoj K.","family":"Arora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BML Munjal University, Gurugram 122413, Haryana, India"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3867-6036","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reet Kamal","family":"Tiwari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar 140001, Punjab, India"}]},{"given":"Sanjeev","family":"Sofat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Punjab Engineering College (Deemed to Be University), Chandigarh 160012, Punjab, India"}]},{"given":"Hemendra S.","family":"Gusain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Technology Management (DRDO), Mussoorie 248179, Uttarakhand, India"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8833-132X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Surya Prakash","family":"Tiwari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Research Center for Environment & Marine Studies, The Research Institute, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.3189\/2013AoG63A296","article-title":"On the Accuracy of Glacier Outlines Derived from Remote-Sensing Data","volume":"54","author":"Paul","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. 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