{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T00:19:31Z","timestamp":1768522771498,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,4]],"date-time":"2022-07-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656892800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003329","name":"Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CTM2014-52021-R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CTM2014-52021-R"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003329","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003329","name":"Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PAPI-18-GR-2016-0005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PAPI-18-GR-2016-0005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003329","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006382","name":"University of Oviedo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CTM2014-52021-R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CTM2014-52021-R"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006382","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006382","name":"University of Oviedo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PAPI-18-GR-2016-0005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PAPI-18-GR-2016-0005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006382","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Santander Bank","award":["CTM2014-52021-R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CTM2014-52021-R"]}]},{"name":"Santander Bank","award":["PAPI-18-GR-2016-0005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PAPI-18-GR-2016-0005"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this article, we present empirical models for estimating daily mean air temperature (Ta) in the Hurd Peninsula of Livingston Island (Antarctica) using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Land Surface Temperature (LST) data and spatiotemporal variables. The models were obtained and validated using the daily mean Ta from three Spanish in situ meteorological stations (AEMET stations), Juan Carlos I (JCI), Johnsons Glacier (JG), and Hurd Glacier (HG), and three stations in our team\u2019s monitoring sites, Incinerador (INC), Reina Sof\u00eda (SOF), and Collado Ramos (CR), as well as daytime and nighttime Terra-MODIS LST and Aqua-MODIS LST data between 2000 and 2016. Two types of multiple linear regression (MLR) models were obtained: models for each individual station (for JCI, INC, SOF, and CR\u2014not for JG and HG due to a lack of data) and global models using all stations. In the study period, the JCI and INC stations were relocated, so we analyzed the data from both locations separately (JCI1 and JCI2; INC1 and INC2). In general, the best individual Ta models were obtained using daytime Terra LST data, the best results for CR being followed by JCI2, SOF, and INC2 (R2 = 0.5\u20130.7 and RSE = 2 \u00b0C). Model cross validation (CV) yielded results similar to those of the models (for the daytime Terra LST data: R2CV = 0.4\u20130.6, RMSECV = 2.5\u20132.7 \u00b0C, and bias = \u22120.1 to 0.1 \u00b0C). The best global Ta model was also obtained using daytime Terra LST data (R2 = 0.6 and RSE = 2 \u00b0C; in its validation: R2CV = 0.5, RMSECV = 3, and bias = \u22120.03), along with the significant (p &lt; 0.05) variables: linear time (t) and two time harmonics (sine-cosine), distance to the coast (d), slope (s), curvature (c), and hour of LST observation (H). Ta and LST data were carefully corrected and filtered, respectively, prior to its analysis and comparison. The analysis of the Ta time series revealed different cooling\/warming trends in the locations, indicating a complex climatic variability at a spatial scale in the Hurd Peninsula. The variation of Ta in each station was obtained by the Locally Weighted Regression (LOESS) method. LST data that was not \u201cgood quality\u201d usually underestimated Ta and were filtered, which drastically reduced the LST data (&lt;5% of the studied days). Despite the shortage of \u201cgood\u201d MODIS LST data in these cold environments, all months were represented in the final dataset, demonstrating that the MODIS LST data, through the models obtained in this article, are useful for estimating long-term trends in Ta and generating mean Ta maps at a global level (1 km2 spatial resolution) in the Hurd Peninsula of Livingston Island.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14133206","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,4]],"date-time":"2022-07-04T20:59:18Z","timestamp":1656968358000},"page":"3206","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Empirical Models for Estimating Air Temperature Using MODIS Land Surface Temperature (and Spatiotemporal Variables) in the Hurd Peninsula of Livingston Island, Antarctica, between 2000 and 2016"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9813-6798","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carmen","family":"Recondo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Remote Sensing Applications (RSApps) Research Group, Area of Cartographic, Geodesic and Photogrammetric Engineering, Department of Mining Exploitation and Prospecting, Polytechnic School of Mieres, University of Oviedo, C\/Gonzalo Guti\u00e9rrez Quir\u00f3s s\/n, 33600 Mieres, Spain"},{"name":"Institute of Natural Resources and Territorial Planning (INDUROT), Campus de Mieres, University of Oviedo, C\/Gonzalo Guti\u00e9rrez Quir\u00f3s s\/n, 33600 Mieres, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5089-7299","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alejandro","family":"Corbea-P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Remote Sensing Applications (RSApps) Research Group, Area of Cartographic, Geodesic and Photogrammetric Engineering, Department of Mining Exploitation and Prospecting, Polytechnic School of Mieres, University of Oviedo, C\/Gonzalo Guti\u00e9rrez Quir\u00f3s s\/n, 33600 Mieres, Spain"},{"name":"Remote Sensing Applications (RSApps) Research Group, Department of Physics, Polytechnic School of Mieres, University of Oviedo, C\/Gonzalo Guti\u00e9rrez Quir\u00f3s s\/n, 33600 Mieres, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7551-2236","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juanjo","family":"Pe\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Remote Sensing Applications (RSApps) Research Group, Area of Cartographic, Geodesic and Photogrammetric Engineering, Department of Mining Exploitation and Prospecting, Polytechnic School of Mieres, University of Oviedo, C\/Gonzalo Guti\u00e9rrez Quir\u00f3s s\/n, 33600 Mieres, Spain"}]},{"given":"Enrique","family":"Pend\u00e1s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AEMET-Galicia, C\/Canceli\u00f1a 8, 15011 A Coru\u00f1a, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3648-6818","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel","family":"Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de F\u00edsica y Matem\u00e1tica, Campus Cient\u00edfico-Tecnol\u00f3gico, Universidad de Alcal\u00e1, Ctra. A-II Km 33.6, 28805 Alcal\u00e1 de Henares, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0536-9934","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javier F.","family":"Calleja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Remote Sensing Applications (RSApps) Research Group, Department of Physics, Polytechnic School of Mieres, University of Oviedo, C\/Gonzalo Guti\u00e9rrez Quir\u00f3s s\/n, 33600 Mieres, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4496-2741","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel \u00c1ngel","family":"de Pablo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Geolog\u00eda, Geograf\u00eda y Medio Ambiente, Campus Cient\u00edfico-Tecnol\u00f3gico, Universidad de Alcal\u00e1, Ctra. A-II Km 33.6, 28805 Alcal\u00e1 de Henares, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8267-0371","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susana","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geology, Campus de Oviedo (Llamaquique), University of Oviedo, C\/Jes\u00fas Arias de Velasco s\/n, 33005 Oviedo, Spain"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Antonio","family":"Corrales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Campus de Gij\u00f3n, University of Oviedo, Edificio Departamental 1, 33394 Gij\u00f3n, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.1130","article-title":"Antarctic climate change during the last 50 years","volume":"25","author":"Turner","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.3370140402","article-title":"Recent climate variability in the vicinity of the Antarctic Peninsula","volume":"14","author":"King","year":"1994","journal-title":"Int. J. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.758","article-title":"Changes in Antarctic Peninsula tropospheric temperatures from 1956 to 1999: A synthesis of observations and reanalysis data","volume":"22","author":"Marshall","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1026021217991","article-title":"Recent rapid regional climate warming on the Antarctic Peninsula","volume":"60","author":"Vaughan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polar.2010.02.001","article-title":"Spatio-temporal changes in surface air temperature in the region of the northern Antarctic Peninsula and South Shetland Islands during 1950\u20132003","volume":"4","author":"Stastna","year":"2010","journal-title":"Polar Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.2478\/popore-2013-0004","article-title":"Climatic change on King George Island in the years 1948\u20132011","volume":"34","author":"Kejna","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pol. Polar Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1017\/S0032247413000296","article-title":"Antarctic climate change and the environment: An update","volume":"50","author":"Turner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Polar Rec."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Stocker, T.F., Qin, D., Plattner, G.-K., Tignor, M., Allen, S.K., Boschung, J., Nauels, A., Xia, Y., Bex, V., and Midgley, P.M. (2013). Observations: Cryosphere. Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07669","article-title":"Warming of the Antarctic ice-sheet surface since the 1957 International Geophysical Year","volume":"457","author":"Steig","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2099","DOI":"10.1175\/2010JCLI3656.1","article-title":"Improved Methods for PCA-Based Reconstructions: Case Study Using the Steig et al. (2009) Antarctic Temperature Reconstruction","volume":"24","author":"Lewis","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1038\/nature18645","article-title":"Absence of 21st century warming on Antarctic Peninsula consistent with natural variability","volume":"535","author":"Turner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.12.030","article-title":"Recent regional climate cooling on the Antarctic Peninsula and associated impacts on the cryosphere","volume":"580","author":"Oliva","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1109\/36.20292","article-title":"MODIS: Advanced Facility Instrument for Studies of the Earth as a System","volume":"27","author":"Salomonson","year":"1989","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"61","article-title":"Automatic device to measure the active permafrost layer near the Spanish Antarctic Station","volume":"2","author":"Ramos","year":"1995","journal-title":"Terra Antarct."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"5","article-title":"Topographic Distribution of Short-wave Radiation in the surroundings of the Spanish Antarctic Station Austral summers","volume":"4","author":"Ramos","year":"1997","journal-title":"Terra Antart."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"189","article-title":"Active Layer in the vicinity of the Spanish Antarctic Station","volume":"5","author":"Ramos","year":"1998","journal-title":"Terra Antart."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Ramos, M., Vieira, G., Blanco, J.J., Gruber, S., Hauck, C., Hidalgo, M.A., and Tome, D. (3, January June). Thermal active layer monitoring in two different sites on Livingston Island during the last seven years: A comparative study. Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Permafrost, Fairbanks, AK, USA."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1002\/ppp.635","article-title":"Drilling and installation of boreholes for permafrost thermal monitoring on Livingston Island in the maritime Antarctic","volume":"20","author":"Ramos","year":"2009","journal-title":"Permafr. Periglac. Processes"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1002\/ppp.685","article-title":"Thermal State of Permafrost and Active-layer Monitoring in the Antarctic: Advances During the International Polar Year 2007-2009","volume":"21","author":"Vieira","year":"2010","journal-title":"Permafr. Periglac. Processes"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954102012000818","article-title":"Interannual active layer variability at the Limnopolar Lake CALM site on Byers Peninsula, Livingston Island, Antarctica","volume":"25","author":"Blanco","year":"2013","journal-title":"Antarct. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.5194\/se-5-721-2014","article-title":"Thermal characterization of the active layer at the Limnopolar Lake CALM-S site on Byers Peninsula (Livingston Island), Antarctica","volume":"5","author":"Ramos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2016.06.002","article-title":"Snow cover evolution, on 2009-2014, at the Limnopolar Lake CALM-S site on Byers Peninsula, Livingston Island, Antarctica","volume":"149","author":"Ramos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Catena"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2016.07.019","article-title":"Recent shallowing of the thaw depth at Crater Lake, Deception Island, Antarctica (2006\u20132014)","volume":"149","author":"Ramos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Catena"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.18172\/cig.2917","article-title":"Frozen ground and snow cover monitoring in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica: Instrumentation, effects on ground thermal behaviour and future research","volume":"42","author":"Ramos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cuad. Investig. Geogr\u00e1fica"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.18172\/cig.4381","article-title":"Frozen Ground and Snow Cover Monitoring in Livingston and Deception Islands, Antarctica: Preliminary Results of the-PERMASNOW Project","volume":"46","author":"Ramos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cuad. Investig. Geogr\u00e1fica"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Calleja, J.F., Corbea-P\u00e9rez, A., Fern\u00e1ndez, S., Recondo, C., Pe\u00f3n, J., and de Pablo, M.\u00c1. (2019). Snow Albedo Seasonality and Trend from MODIS Sensor and Ground Data at Johnsons Glacier, Livingston Island, Maritime Antarctica. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19163569"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Corbea-P\u00e9rez, A., Calleja, J.F., Recondo, C., and Fern\u00e1ndez, S. (2021). Evaluation of the MODIS (C6) Daily Albedo Products for Livingston Island, Antarctic. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13122357"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8051","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2013.828185","article-title":"Empirical models for estimating daily surface water vapour pressure, air temperature, and humidity using MODIS and spatiotemporal variables. Applications to peninsular Spain","volume":"34","author":"Recondo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3739","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2008.05.007","article-title":"Comparison of satellite-derived and in-situ observations of ice and snow surface temperatures over Greenland","volume":"112","author":"Hall","year":"2008","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.3189\/002214310793146269","article-title":"Comparison of satellite, thermochron and air temperatures at Summit, Greenland, during the winter of 2008\/09","volume":"56","author":"Koenig","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Glaciol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2010.11.018","article-title":"Spatial and temporal variations of summer surface temperatures of high-arctic tundra on Svalbard\u2014Implications for MODIS LST based permafrost monitoring","volume":"115","author":"Westermann","year":"2011","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.10.025","article-title":"Systematic bias of average winter-time land surface temperatures inferred from MODIS at a site on Svalbard, Norway","volume":"118","author":"Westermann","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2348","DOI":"10.3390\/rs5052348","article-title":"Comparison of Satellite-Derived Land Surface Temperature and Air Temperature from Meteorological Stations on the Pan-Arctic Scale","volume":"5","author":"Urban","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.4236\/ijg.2013.43056","article-title":"A Comparison of MODIS LST Retrievals with in Situ Observations from AWS over the Lambert Glacier Basin, East Antarctica","volume":"04","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-8-1361-2014","article-title":"Using MODIS land surface temperatures and the Crocus snow model to understand the warm bias of ERA-Interim reanalyses at the surface in Antarctica","volume":"8","author":"Brun","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cryosph."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meyer, H., Katurji, M., Appelhans, T., M\u00fcller, M.U., Nauss, T., Roudier, P., and Zawar-Reza, P. (2016). Mapping Daily Air Temperature for Antarctica Based on MODIS LST. Remote Sens., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8090732"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5148","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2014.935831","article-title":"Improvements in the estimation of daily minimum air temperature in peninsular Spain using MODIS land surface temperature","volume":"35","author":"Recondo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-6-51-2012","article-title":"Comparison of MODIS-derived land surface temperatures with ground surface and air temperature measurements in continuous permafrost terrain","volume":"6","author":"Hachem","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cryosphere"},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Ba\u00f1\u00f3n, M., and Vasallo, F. (2015). Aemet en la Ant\u00e1rtida. Climatolog\u00eda y Meteorolog\u00eda Sin\u00f3ptica en Las Estaciones Meteorol\u00f3gicas en Las Estaciones Meteorol\u00f3gicas Espa\u00f1olas en la Ant\u00e1rtida."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Hobbs, G.J. (1968). The Geology of the South. Shetland Islands: IV. The Geology of Livingston Island, British Antarctic Survey."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Smellie, J.L., Pankhurst, R., Thomson, M.R.A., and Davies, R.E.S. (1984). The Geology of the South Shetland Islands: VI. Stratigraphy, Geochemistry and Evolution, British Antarctic Survey."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Thomson, M.R., Crame, J., and Thomson, J. (1991). The Late Cretaceous-Cenozoic structural history of King George Island, South Shetland Islands, and its plate-tectonic setting. Geological Evolution of Antarctica, Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Santanach, P., Pall\u00e1s, R., S\u00e0bat, F., and Mu\u00f1oz, J. (1992). La fracturaci\u00f3n en la Isla Livingston, Islas Shetland del Sur. Simposios: III Congreso geol\u00f3gico de Espa\u00f1a y VIII Congreso Latinoamericano de Geolog\u00eda, Universidad de Salamanca."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954102092000166","article-title":"Preliminary field observations on peperites and hydrothermal veins and breccias on Livingston Island, South Shetland Islands","volume":"4","author":"Willan","year":"1992","journal-title":"Antarct. Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1017\/S0016756800012103","article-title":"Structural setting and timing of hydrothermal veins and breccias on Hurd Peninsula, South Shetland Islands: A possible volcanic-related epithermal system in deformed turbidites","volume":"131","author":"Willan","year":"1994","journal-title":"Geol. Mag."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Yoshida, Y., Kaminuma, K., and Shiraishi, K. (1992). Geomorphology of Hurd Peninsula, Livingston Island, South Shetland Islands. Recent Progress in Antarctic Earth Science, Terrapub."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez-Mart\u00ednez, J. (1992). Geomorphology of selected areas in Livingston Island, South Shetland Islands. Simposios: III Congreso geol\u00f3gico de Espa\u00f1a y VIII Congreso Latinoamericano de Geolog\u00eda. Vol. 3: Geolog\u00eda de la Ant\u00e1rtida Occidental., Universidad de Salamanca."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"62","article-title":"Periglacial processes and landforms in the South Shetland Islands (northern Antarctic Peninsula region)","volume":"155","author":"Serrano","year":"2012","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.18172\/cig.2965","article-title":"Geomorphology and surface landforms distribution in selected ice-free areas in the South Shetland Islands, Northern Antarctic Peninsula region","volume":"42","author":"Schmid","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cuad. Investig. Geogr\u00e1fica"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954102095000551","article-title":"Geomorphological and neotectonic features of Hurd Peninsula, Livingston Island, South Shetland Islands","volume":"7","author":"Vilaplana","year":"1995","journal-title":"Antarct. Sci."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1002\/ppp.3430060105","article-title":"Permafrost distribution in the southern circumpolar region and its relation to the environment: A review and recommendations for further research","volume":"6","author":"Bockheim","year":"1995","journal-title":"Permafr. Periglac. Processes"},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Ba\u00f1\u00f3n, M. (2017). Personal Communication."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954102012001046","article-title":"Regional weather survey on Byers Peninsula, Livingston Island, South Shetland Islands, Antarctica","volume":"25","author":"Justel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Antarct. Sci."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"(2018, April 20). NASA LP DAAC, 2016, MODIS Land Surface Temperature and Emissivity (LST\/E) Daily L3 Global 1 km Grid SIN Products (MOD11A1.005\/MYD11A1.005). Version 5. NASA EOSDIS Land Processes DAAC, USGS Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center, Available online: https:\/\/lpdaac.usgs.gov\/dataset_discovery\/modis\/modis_products_table\/mod11a1."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"(2018, April 20). NASA NSIDC, 2016, MODIS Snow Cover Daily L3 Global 500 m Grid (MOD10A1.005\/MYD10A1.005). Version 5.NASA National Snow and Ice Data Center Distributed Active Archive (NSIDC). Available online: http:\/\/nsidc.org\/data\/docs\/daac\/modis_v5\/mod10a1_modis_terra_snow_daily_global_500m_grid.gd.html."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"Hall, D.K., Salomonson, V.V., and Riggs, G.A. (2006). MODIS Snow Products. User Guide to Collection 5, NASA: National Snow and Ice Data Center Distributed Active Archive Center."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2017.06.031","article-title":"Google Earth Engine: Planetary-scale geospatial analysis for everyone","volume":"202","author":"Gorelick","year":"2017","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1109\/36.508406","article-title":"A generalized split-window algorithm for retrieving land-surface temperature from space","volume":"34","author":"Wan","year":"1996","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"Wan, Z. (2018, April 20). MODIS Land-Surface Temperature Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document (LST ATBD, Version 3.3), Available online: http:\/\/modis.gsfc.nasa.gov\/data\/atbd\/atbd_mod11.pdf."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"Wan, Z. (2018, April 20). Collection-5. MODIS Land Surface Temperature Products Users\u2019 Guide, September 2006. Available online: http:\/\/www.icess.ucsb.edu\/modis\/LstUsrGuide\/MODIS_LST_products_Users_guide_C5.pdf."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2006.06.026","article-title":"New refinements and validation of the MODIS Land-Surface Temperature\/Emissivity products","volume":"112","author":"Wan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2013.08.027","article-title":"New refinements and validation of the collection-6 MODIS land-surface temperature\/emissivity product","volume":"140","author":"Wan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"Crawley, M.J. (2007). The R Book, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Venables, W.N., and Ripley, B.D. (2002). Modern Applied Statistics with S, Springer. [4th ed.].","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-21706-2"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.2088","article-title":"A note on the use of the standard normal homogeneity test to detect inhomogeneities in climatic time series","volume":"31","author":"Toreti","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"Jenkins, G.M., and Watts, D.G. (1998). Spectral Analysis and Its Applications, Emerson-Adams Press. [5th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1979.10481038","article-title":"Robust Locally Weighted Regression and Smoothing Scatterplots","volume":"74","author":"Cleveland","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Am. Stat. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1988.10478639","article-title":"Locally weighted regression: An approach to regression analysis by local fitting","volume":"83","author":"Cleveland","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Am. Stat. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_69","unstructured":"(2021, June 21). Earth Obervation Research Center JAXA ALOS Global Digital Surface Model \u201cALOS World 3D\u201430m (AW3D30)\u201d. Available online: https:\/\/www.eorc.jaxa.jp\/ALOS\/en\/dataset\/aw3d30\/aw3d30_e.htm."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kang, J., Tan, J., Jin, R., Li, X., and Zhang, Y. (2018). Reconstruction of MODIS Land Surface Temperature Products Based on Multi-Temporal Information. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10071112"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2012.04.024","article-title":"Estimating air surface temperature in Portugal using MODIS LST data","volume":"124","author":"Benali","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.2136\/sssaj2001.652480x","article-title":"Near-Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy\u2013Principal Components Regression Analyses of Soil Properties","volume":"65","author":"Chang","year":"2001","journal-title":"Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/13\/3206\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:42:34Z","timestamp":1760139754000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/13\/3206"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,4]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]}},"alternative-id":["rs14133206"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs14133206","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,4]]}}}