{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T00:46:35Z","timestamp":1760229995382,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,4]],"date-time":"2022-07-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656892800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University Grants Committee of Hong Kong","award":["R5009-21","41804021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R5009-21","41804021"]}]},{"name":"Research Institute of Land and Space","award":["R5009-21","41804021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R5009-21","41804021"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Space weather events adversely impact the operations of Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS). Understanding space weather mechanisms, interactions in the atmosphere, and the extent of their impact are useful in developing prediction and mitigation models. In this study, the hourly lightning occurrence and its impact on ionospheric disturbances, quantified using the Rate of Total electron content Index (ROTI), were assessed. The linear correlation between diurnal lightning activity and ROTI in the coastal region of southern China where lightning predominates in the daytime was initially negative contrary to a positive correlation in southern Africa where lighting predominates in the evening. After appreciating and applying the physical processes of gravity waves, electromagnetic waves and the Trimpi effect arising from lightning activity, and the time delay impact they have on the ionosphere, the negative correlation was overturned to a positive one using cross-correlation. GNSS has demonstrated its capability of revealing the impact lightning has on the ionosphere at various times of the day.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14133209","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,4]],"date-time":"2022-07-04T20:59:18Z","timestamp":1656968358000},"page":"3209","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Comparative Study of Predominantly Daytime and Nighttime Lightning Occurrences and Their Impact on Ionospheric Disturbances"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0332-2254","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Louis","family":"Osei-Poku","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Land Surveying and Geo-Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong"},{"name":"Research Institute of Land and Space, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2476-8420","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Long","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1787-5191","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Land Surveying and Geo-Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong"},{"name":"Research Institute of Land and Space, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong"}]},{"given":"Mingli","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Building Environment and Energy Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong"}]},{"given":"Akwasi Afrifa","family":"Acheampong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geomatic Engineering, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi AK-448-4746, Ghana"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.1029\/2018SW001869","article-title":"Large-Scale Traveling Ionospheric Disturbances Origin and Propagation: Case Study of the December 2015 Geomagnetic Storm","volume":"16","author":"Cherniak","year":"2018","journal-title":"Space Weather"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1029\/2019RS007004","article-title":"Assessing the Positioning Performance under the Effects of Strong Ionospheric Anomalies with Multi-GNSS in Hong Kong","volume":"55","author":"Lu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Radio Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A27","DOI":"10.1051\/swsc\/2013049","article-title":"A review of GPS\/GLONASS studies of the ionospheric response to natural and anthropogenic processes and phenomena","volume":"3","author":"Afraimovich","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. 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