{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T07:47:01Z","timestamp":1773042421895,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,6]],"date-time":"2022-07-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1657065600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES)","award":["303802\/2017-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["303802\/2017-0"]}]},{"name":"Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES)","award":["465764\/2014-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["465764\/2014-2"]}]},{"name":"Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES)","award":["420854\/2018-5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["420854\/2018-5"]}]},{"name":"National Council for Scientifc and Technological Development (CNPq)","award":["303802\/2017-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["303802\/2017-0"]}]},{"name":"National Council for Scientifc and Technological Development (CNPq)","award":["465764\/2014-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["465764\/2014-2"]}]},{"name":"National Council for Scientifc and Technological Development (CNPq)","award":["420854\/2018-5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["420854\/2018-5"]}]},{"name":"PAPCIQ\u2013UFOPA","award":["303802\/2017-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["303802\/2017-0"]}]},{"name":"PAPCIQ\u2013UFOPA","award":["465764\/2014-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["465764\/2014-2"]}]},{"name":"PAPCIQ\u2013UFOPA","award":["420854\/2018-5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["420854\/2018-5"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The analysis of gross primary production (GPP) is crucial to better understand CO2 exchanges between terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere, while the quantification of water-use efficiency (WUE) allows for the estimation of the compensation between carbon gained and water lost by the ecosystem. Understanding these dynamics is essential to better comprehend the responses of environments to ongoing climatic changes. The objective of the present study was to analyze, through AMERIFLUX and LBA network measurements, the variability of GPP and WUE in four distinct tropical biomes in Brazil: Pantanal, Amazonia, Caatinga and Cerrado (savanna). Furthermore, data measured by eddy covariance systems were used to assess remotely sensed GPP products (MOD17). We found a distinct seasonality of meteorological variables and energy fluxes with different latent heat controls regarding available energy in each site. Remotely sensed GPP was satisfactorily related with observed data, despite weak correlations in interannual estimates and consistent overestimations and underestimations during certain months. WUE was strongly dependent on water availability, with values of 0.95 gC kg\u22121 H2O (5.79 gC kg\u22121 H2O) in the wetter (drier) sites. These values reveal new thresholds that had not been previously reported in the literature. Our findings have crucial implications for ecosystem management and the design of climate policies regarding the conservation of tropical biomes, since WUE is expected to change in the ongoing climate change scenario that indicates an increase in frequency and severity of dry periods.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14143241","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,6]],"date-time":"2022-07-06T21:15:52Z","timestamp":1657142152000},"page":"3241","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["WUE and CO2 Estimations by Eddy Covariance and Remote Sensing in Different Tropical Biomes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5254-489X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriel B.","family":"Costa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biosciences Post-Graduate Program (PPG-BIO), Federal University of Western Par\u00e1 (UFOPA), Santar\u00e9m 68035-110, Brazil"},{"name":"Climate Sciences Post-Graduate Program (PPGCC), Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Avenue Senador Salgado Filho, 3000, Lagoa Nova, Natal 59078-970, Brazil"},{"name":"Anthropic Studies in the Amazon Post-Graduate Program (PPGEAA), Federal University of Par\u00e1, Castanhal 68740-222, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2251-7348","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cl\u00e1udio M.","family":"Santos e Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Climate Sciences Post-Graduate Program (PPGCC), Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Avenue Senador Salgado Filho, 3000, Lagoa Nova, Natal 59078-970, Brazil"},{"name":"Departamento de Ci\u00eancias Atmosf\u00e9ricas e Clim\u00e1ticas (DCAC), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59078-970, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Keila R.","family":"Mendes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ci\u00eancias Atmosf\u00e9ricas e Clim\u00e1ticas (DCAC), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59078-970, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 G. M.","family":"dos Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wildfire Monitoring Program, National Institute for Space Research, S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos 12227-010, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Theomar T. A. T.","family":"Neves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Engineering and Geosciences, Federal University of Western Par\u00e1 (UFOPA), Santar\u00e9m 68035-110, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Alex S.","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Engineering and Geosciences, Federal University of Western Par\u00e1 (UFOPA), Santar\u00e9m 68035-110, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0902-6824","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thiago R.","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Ci\u00eancias Atmosf\u00e9ricas, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso Do Sul, Campo Grande 79070-900, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5048-2795","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonh B.","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em F\u00edsica Ambiental, Instituto de F\u00edsica, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiab\u00e1 78060-900, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Higo J.","family":"Dalmagro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias Ambientais, Universidade de Cuiab\u00e1 (UNIC), Cuiab\u00e1 78060-900, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7607-1727","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro R.","family":"Mutti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Climate Sciences Post-Graduate Program (PPGCC), Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Avenue Senador Salgado Filho, 3000, Lagoa Nova, Natal 59078-970, Brazil"},{"name":"Departamento de Ci\u00eancias Atmosf\u00e9ricas e Clim\u00e1ticas (DCAC), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59078-970, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4072-003X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hildo G. G. C.","family":"Nunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Socio-Environmental and Water Resources, Federal Rural University of the Amazon, Bel\u00e9m 66077-830, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5612-5991","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucas V.","family":"Peres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Engineering and Geosciences, Federal University of Western Par\u00e1 (UFOPA), Santar\u00e9m 68035-110, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Raoni A. S.","family":"Santana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Engineering and Geosciences, Federal University of Western Par\u00e1 (UFOPA), Santar\u00e9m 68035-110, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Losany B.","family":"Viana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Engineering and Geosciences, Federal University of Western Par\u00e1 (UFOPA), Santar\u00e9m 68035-110, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Gabriele V.","family":"Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Engineering and Geosciences, Federal University of Western Par\u00e1 (UFOPA), Santar\u00e9m 68035-110, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Bergson G.","family":"Bezerra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Climate Sciences Post-Graduate Program (PPGCC), Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Avenue Senador Salgado Filho, 3000, Lagoa Nova, Natal 59078-970, Brazil"},{"name":"Departamento de Ci\u00eancias Atmosf\u00e9ricas e Clim\u00e1ticas (DCAC), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59078-970, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7806-4096","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thiago V.","family":"Marques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59628-330, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Rosaria R.","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ci\u00eancias Atmosf\u00e9ricas e Clim\u00e1ticas (DCAC), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59078-970, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Cristiano P.","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Climate Sciences Post-Graduate Program (PPGCC), Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Avenue Senador Salgado Filho, 3000, Lagoa Nova, Natal 59078-970, Brazil"},{"name":"Departamento de Ci\u00eancias Atmosf\u00e9ricas e Clim\u00e1ticas (DCAC), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59078-970, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Weber A.","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Climate Sciences Post-Graduate Program (PPGCC), Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Avenue Senador Salgado Filho, 3000, Lagoa Nova, Natal 59078-970, Brazil"},{"name":"Departamento de Ci\u00eancias Atmosf\u00e9ricas e Clim\u00e1ticas (DCAC), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59078-970, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Suany","family":"Campos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Climate Sciences Post-Graduate Program (PPGCC), Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Avenue Senador Salgado Filho, 3000, Lagoa Nova, Natal 59078-970, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Maria U. G.","family":"Andrade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Climate Sciences Post-Graduate Program (PPGCC), Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Avenue Senador Salgado Filho, 3000, Lagoa Nova, Natal 59078-970, Brazil"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1029\/2001JD000524","article-title":"Biogeochemical cycling of carbon, water, energy, trace gases, and aerosols in Amazonia: The LBA-EUSTACH experiments","volume":"107","author":"Andreae","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"8090","article-title":"Comparative measurements of carbon dioxide fluxes from two nearby towers in a central Amazonian rainforest: The Manaus LBA site","volume":"107","author":"Nobre","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. 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