{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T22:19:50Z","timestamp":1769206790654,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,6]],"date-time":"2022-07-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1657065600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62131001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62131001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62171029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62171029"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Circular ground-based SAR (GBSAR) is a new 3D imaging GBSAR with the potential of acquiring high-quality 3D SAR images and 3D deformation. However, its donut-shaped spectrum and short radius of antenna rotation cause high sidelobes on 3D curved surfaces, resulting in 3D SAR images with poor quality. The multi-phase-center circular GBSAR with full array can effectively suppress sidelobes by filling the donut-shaped spectrum to be the equivalent solid spectrum, but it requires a larger number of phase centers, increasing system cost and engineering difficulties. In this paper, a sidelobe suppression method for circular GBSAR 3D imaging based on sparse optimization of radial phase-center distribution is proposed to suppress high sidelobes at low cost. By deriving the point spread function (PSF) of multi-phase-center circular GBSAR and taking the peak sidelobe level (PSL) and integrated sidelobe level (ISL) of the derived PSF as multi-objective functions, we solve the multi-objective optimization problem to optimize the sparse distribution of radial phase centers. The advantage of the proposed method is that the solved optimal radial phase-center distribution can effectively suppress the 3D sidelobes of circular GBSAR with a limited number of phase centers. Finally, the sidelobe suppression effect of the proposed method is verified via 3D imaging simulations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14143248","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,6]],"date-time":"2022-07-06T21:15:52Z","timestamp":1657142152000},"page":"3248","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["A Sidelobe Suppression Method for Circular Ground-Based SAR 3D Imaging Based on Sparse Optimization of Radial Phase-Center Distribution"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7706-9741","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qiming","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronics & Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7184-5057","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jinping","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronics & Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yanping","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Science & Technology, North China University of Technology, Beijing 100144, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3020-5715","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yun","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Science & Technology, North China University of Technology, Beijing 100144, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1109\/MGRS.2019.2963169","article-title":"Ground-based Differential Interferometry SAR: A review","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Mag."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2019.2900405","article-title":"An Interferometric MIMO Radar for Bridge Monitoring","volume":"16","author":"Pieraccini","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dong, L., Wang, C., Tang, Y., Tang, F., Zhang, H., Wang, J., and Duan, W. (2021). Time Series InSAR Three-Dimensional Displacement Inversion Model of Coal Mining Areas Based on Symmetrical Features of Mining Subsidence. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13112143"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5989","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2014.2325905","article-title":"Arc FMCW SAR and Applications in Ground Monitoring","volume":"52","author":"Luo","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7547","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2020.3035678","article-title":"Spherical Wave Decomposition Based Polar Format Algorithm for ArcSAR Imaging","volume":"59","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"1","article-title":"Efficient ArcSAR Focusing in the Wavenumber Domain","volume":"60","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2020.2971662","article-title":"A Monostatic\/Bistatic Ground-Based Synthetic Aperture Radar System for Target Imaging and 2-D Displacement Estimation","volume":"18","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210339","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3039381","article-title":"Bridge Monitoring by a Monostatic\/Bistatic Interferometric Radar Able to Retrieve the Dynamic 3D Displacement Vector","volume":"8","author":"Miccinesi","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2009.2023537","article-title":"An Accurate Strategy for 3-D Ground-Based SAR Imaging","volume":"6","author":"Reale","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pieraccini, M., Rojhani, N., and Miccinesi, L. (2018, January 26\u201328). Ground Based Synthetic Aperture Radar with 3D Imaging Capability. Proceedings of the 2018 European Radar Conference, Madrid, Spain.","DOI":"10.23919\/EuRAD.2018.8546555"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Y., Huo, T., Yang, C., Wang, T., Wang, J., and Li, B. (2022). An Efficient Ground Moving Target Imaging Method for Airborne Circular Stripmap SAR. Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14010210"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2016.2613900","article-title":"Tomographic Imaging of Fjord Ice Using a Very High Resolution Ground-based SAR System","volume":"55","author":"Yitayew","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramachandran, N., Saatchi, S., Tebaldini, S., Mariotti, M., and Dikshit, O. (2021). Evaluation of P-Band SAR Tomography for Mapping Tropical Forest Vertical Backscatter and Tree Height. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13081485"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90118","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2993812","article-title":"Three-Dimensional Ground-Based SAR Imaging Algorithm Based on Keystone Formatting and Subblock","volume":"8","author":"Tian","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1697","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2019.2952164","article-title":"A Fast Far-Field Pseudopolar Format Algorithm for Ground-Based Arc 3-D SAR Imaging","volume":"17","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pieraccini, M., Agostini, N., Papi, F., and Rocchio, S. (2015, January 7\u201310). A rotating antenna ground-based SAR. Proceedings of the 2015 European Radar Conference, Paris, France.","DOI":"10.1109\/EuRAD.2015.7346345"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pieraccini, M., Papi, F., and Rocchio, S. (2015, January 2\u20134). SAR imagery by RotoSAR. Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE International Conference on Microwaves, Communications, Antennas and Electronic Systems, Tel Aviv, Israel.","DOI":"10.1109\/COMCAS.2015.7360370"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1109\/83.287022","article-title":"Sidelobe Reduction via Adaptive FIR Filtering in SAR Imagery","volume":"3","author":"DeGraaf","year":"1994","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Image Process."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1007\/s11432-010-4136-0","article-title":"Sidelobe reduction based on spectrum reshaping in microwave imaging","volume":"54","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sci. China (Inf. Sci.)"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2012.2217935","article-title":"Side-Lobe Cancelation in DInSAR Pixel Selection With SVA","volume":"10","author":"Iglesias","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"11","article-title":"Spatially Variant Sidelobe Suppression for Linear Array MIMO SAR 3-D Imaging","volume":"60","author":"Ding","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"717","article-title":"Overview of Techniques for Improving High-resolution Spaceborne SAR Imaging and Image Quality","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Radars"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, X., He, F., Ye, F., Dong, Z., and Wu, M. (2018). Sidelobe Suppression with Resolution Maintenance for SAR Images via Sparse Representation. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18051589"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"770","article-title":"PSF Analysis and Ground Test Results of a Novel Circular Array 3-D SAR System","volume":"7","author":"Ming","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Radars"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133802","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3010584","article-title":"Multi-Phase-Center Sidelobe Suppression Method for Circular GBSAR Based on Sparse Spectrum","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Soumekh, M. (1999). Synthetic Aperture Radar Signal Processing with MATLAB Algorithms, John Wiley & Sons, Inc."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1109\/4235.996017","article-title":"A Fast and Elitist Multiobjective Genetic Algorithm: NSGA-II","volume":"6","author":"Deb","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Evolut. Comput."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/14\/3248\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:43:23Z","timestamp":1760139803000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/14\/3248"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,6]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]}},"alternative-id":["rs14143248"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs14143248","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,6]]}}}