{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T05:42:45Z","timestamp":1773034965657,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,6]],"date-time":"2022-07-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1657065600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Qianjiang Talent Program of Zhejiang Province","award":["QJD2002034"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["QJD2002034"]}]},{"name":"Qianjiang Talent Program of Zhejiang Province","award":["41906159"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41906159"]}]},{"name":"Qianjiang Talent Program of Zhejiang Province","award":["42030708"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42030708"]}]},{"name":"Qianjiang Talent Program of Zhejiang Province","award":["2021YFE0117600"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFE0117600"]}]},{"name":"Qianjiang Talent Program of Zhejiang Province","award":["42030708"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42030708"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["QJD2002034"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["QJD2002034"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["41906159"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41906159"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["42030708"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42030708"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2021YFE0117600"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFE0117600"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["42030708"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42030708"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["QJD2002034"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["QJD2002034"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41906159"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41906159"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42030708"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42030708"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021YFE0117600"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFE0117600"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42030708"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42030708"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["QJD2002034"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["QJD2002034"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["41906159"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41906159"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["42030708"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42030708"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2021YFE0117600"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFE0117600"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["42030708"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42030708"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Accurate and robust measurements from ocean color satellites are critical to studying spatial and temporal changes of surface ocean properties. Satellite-derived Chlorophyll-a (Chl) is an important parameter to monitor phytoplankton blooms on synoptical scales, particularly in remote seas. However, the present NASA standard Chl algorithm tends to strongly underestimate the Chl in the Ross Sea. Based on a locally-tuned Chl algorithm in the Ross Sea and using the data record from MODIS between 2002 and 2020, here we investigated the spatial expansion of phytoplankton blooms in the Ross Sea. Our results show the geometric areas of the phytoplankton blooms could reach (7.20 \u00b1 2.8) \u00d7 104 km2 on average, which was ~3.1 times that of those identified using the NASA default Chl algorithm. Spatially, blooms were frequently identified on the shelf of the Ross Sea polynya with a typical chance of \u226580%. In the context of climate change and global warming, the general decrease and interannual dynamics of sea ice cover tends to affect solar light penetration and surface seawater temperature, which were found to regulate the spatial expansion of the phytoplankton blooms over the years. Statistical analyses showed that the spatial coverages of the phytoplankton blooms were significantly correlated with sea surface temperature (Spearman correlation coefficient R = 0.55, at p &lt; 0.05), sea surface wind speed (R = 0.42, at p &lt; 0.05), and sea ice concentration (R = \u22120.84, at p &lt; 0.05), yet without significant long-term (&gt;10 years) trends over the study period. The stronger phytoplankton blooms than those previously observed may indicate larger carbon sequestration, which needs to be investigated in the future. More valid satellite observations under cloud covers will further constrain the estimates.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14143263","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,6]],"date-time":"2022-07-06T21:15:52Z","timestamp":1657142152000},"page":"3263","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Phytoplankton Blooms Expanding Further Than Previously Thought in the Ross Sea: A Remote Sensing Perspective"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Shuangling","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou 310012, China"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou 310012, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-14-00117.1","article-title":"Dominance of the Southern Ocean in Anthropogenic Carbon and Heat Uptake in CMIP5 Models","volume":"28","author":"Sarmiento","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"GB1008","DOI":"10.1029\/2010GB003981","article-title":"Variability of primary production and air-sea CO2 flux in the Southern Ocean","volume":"26","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csr.2014.12.006","article-title":"The response of the carbonate system to a green algal bloom during the post-bloom period in the southern Yellow Sea","volume":"94","author":"Hu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cont. Shelf Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csr.2019.06.007","article-title":"Environmental controls of surface water pCO2 in different coastal environments: Observations from marine buoys","volume":"183","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cont. Shelf Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rivaro, P., Ianni, C., Raimondi, L., Manno, C., Sandrini, S., Castagno, P., and Falco, P. (2019). Analysis of physical and bio-geochemical control mechanisms on summertime surface carbonate system variability in the western Ross Sea (Antarctica) using in situ and satellite data. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11030238"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368386","DOI":"10.1002\/2015JC011014","article-title":"Spatial analysis of trends in primary production and relationship with large-scale climate variability in the Ross Sea, Antarctica (1997\u20132013)","volume":"121","author":"Schine","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Oceans"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2017.00040","article-title":"Southern Ocean Phytoplankton in a Changing Climate","volume":"4","author":"Deppeler","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C08004","DOI":"10.1029\/2007JC004551","article-title":"Primary production in the Southern Ocean, 1997\u20132006","volume":"113","author":"Arrigo","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Earth Surf."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsr.2010.12.006","article-title":"Spatial variability and temporal dynamics of surface water pCO2, \u0394O2\/Ar and dimethylsulfide in the Ross Sea, Antarctica","volume":"58","author":"Tortell","year":"2011","journal-title":"Deep. Sea Res. Part I Oceanogr. Res. Pap."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1029\/2008GL035624","article-title":"Coastal Southern Ocean: A strong anthropogenic CO2 sink","volume":"35","author":"Arrigo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8167","DOI":"10.1002\/2017JC012853","article-title":"Air-sea CO2 exchange in the Ross Sea, Antarctica","volume":"122","author":"DeJong","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Oceans"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2019JC015807","DOI":"10.1029\/2019JC015807","article-title":"Sea Ice CO2 Dynamics Across Seasons: Impact of Processes at the Interfaces","volume":"125","author":"Tison","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Oceans"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00394754","article-title":"Products of photosynthesis by marine phytoplankton: The effect of environmental factors on the relative rates of protein synthesis","volume":"27","author":"Morris","year":"1974","journal-title":"Mar. Biol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1903","DOI":"10.5194\/bg-14-1903-2017","article-title":"The effects of different environmental factors on the biochemical composition of particulate organic matter in Gwangyang Bay, South Korea","volume":"14","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biogeosciences"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-marine-010213-135114","article-title":"The oceanography and ecology of the Ross Sea","volume":"6","author":"Smith","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmarsys.2016.09.006","article-title":"The influence of short-term events on the hydrographic and biological structure of the southwestern Ross Sea","volume":"166","author":"Jones","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Mar. Syst."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C08013","DOI":"10.1029\/2006JC003816","article-title":"Phytoplankton blooms in the Ross Sea, Antarctica: Interannual variability in magnitude, temporal patterns, and composition","volume":"112","author":"Peloquin","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Oceans"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mangoni, O., Saggiomo, V., Bolinesi, F., Margiotta, F., Budillon, G., Cotroneo, Y., Misic, C., Rivaro, P., and Saggiomo, M. (2017). Phytoplankton blooms during austral summer in the Ross Sea, Antarctica: Driving factors and trophic implications. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0176033"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pocean.2018.10.003","article-title":"Climatological temporal and spatial distributions of nutrients and particulate matter in the Ross Sea","volume":"168","author":"Smith","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2021JC017717","DOI":"10.1029\/2021JC017717","article-title":"Seasonal and Daily-Scale Photoacclimation Modulating the Phytoplankton Chlorophyll-Carbon Coupling Relationship in the Mid-Latitude Northwest Pacific","volume":"126","author":"Xing","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Oceans"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"LaRue, M.A., Ainley, D.G., Swanson, M., Dugger, K.M., Lyver, P.O., Barton, K., and Ballard, G. (2013). Climate Change Winners: Receding Ice Fields Facilitate Colony Expansion and Altered Dynamics in an Ad\u00e9lie Penguin Metapopulation. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0060568"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2805","DOI":"10.1007\/s00382-012-1330-3","article-title":"Higher precision estimates of regional polar warming by ensemble regression of climate model projections","volume":"39","author":"Bracegirdle","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clim. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L02608","DOI":"10.1029\/2005GL024792","article-title":"Estimation of interdecadal change of spring bloom timing, in the case of the Japan Sea","volume":"33","author":"Yamada","year":"2006","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoinf.2020.101131","article-title":"A novel method based on time series satellite data analysis to detect algal blooms","volume":"59","author":"Andreo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecol. Inform."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsr.2014.06.011","article-title":"Biogeochemical variability in the southern Ross Sea as observed by a glider deployment","volume":"92","author":"Kaufman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Deep. Sea Res. Part I Oceanogr. Res. Pap."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2339","DOI":"10.1002\/2016JC012514","article-title":"Climate change impacts on southern Ross Sea phytoplankton composition, productivity, and export","volume":"122","author":"Kaufman","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Oceans"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1111\/geb.12717","article-title":"Phenology and time series trends of the dominant seasonal phytoplankton bloom across global scales","volume":"27","author":"Friedland","year":"2018","journal-title":"Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsr2.2003.04.003","article-title":"Annual changes in sea-ice, chlorophyll a, and primary production in the Ross Sea, Antarctica","volume":"51","author":"Arrigo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Deep. Sea Res. Part II Top. Stud. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C07005","DOI":"10.1029\/2005JC003339","article-title":"Constraints on the extent of the Ross Sea phytoplankton bloom","volume":"111","author":"Reddy","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Earth Surf."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5400","DOI":"10.1029\/2019JC015222","article-title":"Environmental forcings on the remotely sensed phytoplankton bloom phenology in the central Ross Sea polynya","volume":"124","author":"Park","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Oceans"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2021JC017749","DOI":"10.1029\/2021JC017749","article-title":"Revisiting the Ocean Color Algorithms for Particulate Organic Carbon and Chlorophyll-a Concentrations in the Ross Sea","volume":"126","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Oceans"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C00H04","DOI":"10.1029\/2011JC007230","article-title":"Are the world\u2019s oceans optically different?","volume":"116","author":"Szeto","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Oceans"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/0924-7963(92)90032-4","article-title":"Predictive bio-optical relationships for polar oceans and marginal ice zones","volume":"3","author":"Mitchell","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Mar. Syst."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.5589\/m07-059","article-title":"Bio-optical characteristics of the western Arctic Ocean: Implications for ocean color algorithms","volume":"33","author":"Matsuoka","year":"2007","journal-title":"Can. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C02007","DOI":"10.1029\/2009JC005594","article-title":"Seasonal variability in the light absorption properties of western Arctic waters: Parameterization of the individual components of absorption for ocean color applications","volume":"116","author":"Matsuoka","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Earth Surf."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"9","article-title":"Ocean color chlorophyll a algorithms for SeaWiFS, OC2, and OC4: Version 4","volume":"3","author":"Maritorena","year":"2000","journal-title":"SeaWiFS Postlaunch Calibration Valid. Anal. Part"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C01011","DOI":"10.1029\/2011JC007395","article-title":"Chlorophyll a algorithms for oligotrophic oceans: A novel approach based on three-band reflectance difference","volume":"117","author":"Hu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Oceans"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7407","DOI":"10.1029\/2018JC014014","article-title":"A color-index-based empirical algorithm for determining particulate organic carbon concentration in the ocean from satellite observations","volume":"123","author":"Le","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Oceans"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsr2.2006.02.014","article-title":"Interannual variations in nutrients, net community production, and biogeochemical cycles in the Ross Sea","volume":"53","author":"Smith","year":"2006","journal-title":"Deep. Sea Res. Part II Top. Stud. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, J., Kim, H.-C., Bae, D., and Jo, Y.-H. (2020). Data Reconstruction for Remotely Sensed Chlorophyll-a Concentration in the Ross Sea Using Ensemble-Based Machine Learning. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12111898"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate1989","article-title":"The impact of temperature on marine phytoplankton resource allocation and metabolism","volume":"3","author":"Toseland","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Change"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmarsys.2011.11.013","article-title":"Physiochemical controls on phytoplankton distributions in the Ross Sea, Antarctica","volume":"94","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Mar. Syst."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1952","DOI":"10.1093\/icesjms\/fsu234","article-title":"Vertical mixing, critical depths, and phytoplankton growth in the Ross Sea","volume":"72","author":"Smith","year":"2015","journal-title":"ICES J. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmarsys.2016.05.007","article-title":"Mesoscale variability in intact and ghost colonies of Phaeocystis antarctica in the Ross Sea: Distribution and abundance","volume":"166","author":"Smith","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Mar. Syst."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954102004002238","article-title":"ENSO-related impacts on Antarctic sea ice: A synthesis of phenomenon and mechanisms","volume":"16","author":"Yuan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Antarct. Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C03S90","DOI":"10.1029\/2007JC004269","article-title":"Trends in Antarctic annual sea ice retreat and advance and their relation to El Ni\u00f1o\u2013Southern Oscillation and Southern Annular Mode variability","volume":"113","author":"Stammerjohn","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Earth Surf."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/14\/3263\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:43:38Z","timestamp":1760139818000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/14\/3263"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,6]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]}},"alternative-id":["rs14143263"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs14143263","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,6]]}}}