{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T03:37:01Z","timestamp":1780976221393,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,7]],"date-time":"2022-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1657152000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the European Space Agency (ESA)","award":["4000122290\/17\/NL\/FF\/mg"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4000122290\/17\/NL\/FF\/mg"]}]},{"name":"ESA","award":["4000122290\/17\/NL\/FF\/mg"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4000122290\/17\/NL\/FF\/mg"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Long-term observation of Earth\u2019s temporal gravity field with enhanced temporal and spatial resolution is a major objective for future satellite gravity missions. Improving the performance of the accelerometers present in such missions is one of the main paths to explore. In this context, we propose to study an original concept of a hybrid accelerometer associating a state-of-the-art electrostatic accelerometer (EA) and a promising quantum sensor based on cold atom interferometry. To assess the performance potential of such an instrument, numerical simulations were performed to determine its impact in terms of gravity field retrieval. Taking advantage of the long-term stability of the cold atom interferometer (CAI), it is shown that the reduced drift of the hybrid sensor could lead to improved gravity field retrieval. Nevertheless, this gain vanishes once temporal variations of the gravity field and related aliasing effects are taken into account. Improved de-aliasing models or some specific satellite constellations are then required to maximize the impact of the accelerometer performance gain. To evaluate the achievable acceleration performance in-orbit, a numerical simulator of the hybrid accelerometer was developed and preliminary results are given. The instrument simulator was in part validated by reproducing the performance achieved with a hybrid lab prototype operating on the ground. The problem of satellite rotation impact on the CAI was also investigated both with instrument performance simulations and experimental demonstrations. It is shown that the proposed configuration, where the EA\u2019s proof-mass acts as the reference mirror for the CAI, seems a promising approach to allow the mitigation of satellite rotation. To evaluate the feasibility of such an instrument for space applications, a preliminary design is elaborated along with a preliminary error, mass, volume, and electrical power consumption budget.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14143273","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,7]],"date-time":"2022-07-07T07:51:56Z","timestamp":1657180316000},"page":"3273","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Hybrid Electrostatic\u2013Atomic Accelerometer for Future Space Gravity Missions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1965-7312","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nassim","family":"Zahzam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"DPHY, ONERA, Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay, Chemin de la Huni\u00e8re-BP80100, F-91123 Palaiseau, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8296-2219","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruno","family":"Christophe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DPHY, ONERA, Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay, Chemin de la Huni\u00e8re-BP80100, F-91123 Palaiseau, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincent","family":"Lebat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DPHY, ONERA, Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay, Chemin de la Huni\u00e8re-BP80100, F-91123 Palaiseau, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emilie","family":"Hardy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DPHY, ONERA, Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay, Chemin de la Huni\u00e8re-BP80100, F-91123 Palaiseau, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Phuong-Anh","family":"Huynh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DPHY, ONERA, Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay, Chemin de la Huni\u00e8re-BP80100, F-91123 Palaiseau, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"No\u00e9mie","family":"Marquet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DPHY, ONERA, Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay, Chemin de la Huni\u00e8re-BP80100, F-91123 Palaiseau, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C\u00e9dric","family":"Blanchard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DPHY, ONERA, Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay, Chemin de la Huni\u00e8re-BP80100, F-91123 Palaiseau, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yannick","family":"Bidel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DPHY, ONERA, Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay, Chemin de la Huni\u00e8re-BP80100, F-91123 Palaiseau, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandre","family":"Bresson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DPHY, ONERA, Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay, Chemin de la Huni\u00e8re-BP80100, F-91123 Palaiseau, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Petro","family":"Abrykosov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lehrstuhl f\u00fcr Astronomische und Physikalische Geod\u00e4sie, Technische Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, Arcisstra\u00dfe 21, 80333 M\u00fcnchen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2615-3681","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Gruber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lehrstuhl f\u00fcr Astronomische und Physikalische Geod\u00e4sie, Technische Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, Arcisstra\u00dfe 21, 80333 M\u00fcnchen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4364-4012","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roland","family":"Pail","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lehrstuhl f\u00fcr Astronomische und Physikalische Geod\u00e4sie, Technische Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, Arcisstra\u00dfe 21, 80333 M\u00fcnchen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1938-5214","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilias","family":"Daras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"European Space Agency, Keplerlaan 1, P.O. Box 299, 2200 AG Noordwijk, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olivier","family":"Carraz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RHEA for ESA\u2013European Space Agency, Keplerlaan 1, P.O. Box 299, 2200 AG Noordwijk, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Massotti, L., Siemes, C., March, G., Haagmans, R., and Silvestrin, P. (2021). Next Generation Gravity Mission Elements of the Mass Change and Geoscience International Constellation: From Orbit Selection to Instrument and Mission Design. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13193935"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2197","DOI":"10.1023\/B:GERG.0000046179.26175.fa","article-title":"HYPER: A Satellite Mission in Fundamental Physics Based on High Precision Atom Interferometry","volume":"36","author":"Jentsch","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gen. Relativ. Gravit."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nuclphysbps.2006.12.061","article-title":"Atom interferometers and optical atomic clocks: New quantum sensors for fundamental physics experiments in space","volume":"166","author":"Tino","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nucl. Phys. B-Proc. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1140\/epjst\/e2009-01041-7","article-title":"Space clocks and fundamental tests: The ACES experiment","volume":"172","author":"Cacciapuoti","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. Phys. J. Spec. Top."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1140\/epjd\/e2019-100324-6","article-title":"SAGE: A proposal for a space atomic gravity explorer","volume":"73","author":"Tino","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Phys. J. D"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115010","DOI":"10.1088\/0264-9381\/31\/11\/115010","article-title":"STE-QUEST\u2014Test of the universality of free fall using cold atom interferometry","volume":"31","author":"Aguilera","year":"2014","journal-title":"Class. Quantum Gravity"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"025018","DOI":"10.1088\/1367-2630\/18\/2\/025018","article-title":"Quantum test of the equivalence principle and space-time aboard the International Space Station","volume":"18","author":"Williams","year":"2016","journal-title":"New J. Phys."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"063613","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.92.063613","article-title":"Laser-ranging long-baseline differential atom interferometers for space","volume":"92","author":"Chiow","year":"2015","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"033632","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.94.033632","article-title":"Atom-interferometric gravitational-wave detection using heterodyne laser links","volume":"94","author":"Hogan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"1","article-title":"AEDGE: Atomic Experiment for Dark Matter and Gravity Exploration in Space","volume":"7","author":"Alpigiani","year":"2020","journal-title":"EPJ Quantum Technol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1007\/s12217-014-9385-x","article-title":"A Spaceborne Gravity Gradiometer Concept Based on Cold Atom Interferometers for Measuring Earth\u2019s Gravity Field","volume":"26","author":"Carraz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Microgravity Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2017.12.005","article-title":"Simulation-based evaluation of a cold atom interferometry gradiometer concept for gravity field recovery","volume":"61","author":"Douch","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215004","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6382\/ab4548","article-title":"Concept study and preliminary design of a cold atom interferometer for space gravity gradiometry","volume":"36","author":"Trimeche","year":"2019","journal-title":"Class. Quantum Gravity"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1007\/s10712-019-09566-4","article-title":"MOCASS: A Satellite Mission Concept Using Cold Atom Interferometry for Measuring the Earth Gravity Field","volume":"40","author":"Migliaccio","year":"2019","journal-title":"Surv. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/s00190-020-01462-9","article-title":"Gravity field mapping using laser-coupled quantum accelerometers in space","volume":"95","author":"Fallet","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Geod."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2760","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-05219-z","article-title":"In-orbit operation of an atomic clock based on laser-cooled 87Rb atoms","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0605-1","article-title":"Space-borne Bose\u2013Einstein condensation for precision interferometry","volume":"562","author":"Becker","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2346-1","article-title":"Observation of Bose\u2013Einstein condensates in an Earth-orbiting research lab","volume":"582","author":"Aveline","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.67.181","article-title":"Atomic interferometry using stimulated Raman transitions","volume":"67","author":"Kasevich","year":"1991","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"024702","DOI":"10.1116\/5.0009093","article-title":"High-accuracy inertial measurements with cold-atom sensors","volume":"2","author":"Geiger","year":"2020","journal-title":"AVS Quantum Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1088\/0026-1394\/38\/1\/4","article-title":"High-precision gravity measurements using atom interferometry","volume":"38","author":"Peters","year":"2001","journal-title":"Metrologia"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"065025","DOI":"10.1088\/1367-2630\/13\/6\/065025","article-title":"The influence of transverse motion within an atomic gravimeter","volume":"13","author":"Farah","year":"2011","journal-title":"New J. Phys."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"043610","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.88.043610","article-title":"Demonstration of an ultrahigh-sensitivity atom-interferometry absolute gravimeter","volume":"88","author":"Hu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012050","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/723\/1\/012050","article-title":"Mobile quantum gravity sensor with unprecedented stability","volume":"723","author":"Freier","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Phys. Conf. Ser."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113041","DOI":"10.1088\/1367-2630\/aaf07d","article-title":"Improving the accuracy of atom interferometers with ultracold sources","volume":"20","author":"Karcher","year":"2018","journal-title":"New J. Phys."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"033608","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.65.033608","article-title":"Sensitive absolute-gravity gradiometry using atom interferometry","volume":"65","author":"McGuirk","year":"2002","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"023607","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.89.023607","article-title":"Sensitivity limits of a Raman atom interferometer as a gravity gradiometer","volume":"89","author":"Sorrentino","year":"2014","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2046","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.78.2046","article-title":"Precision Rotation Measurements with an Atom Interferometer Gyroscope","volume":"78","author":"Gustavson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaau7948","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aau7948","article-title":"Interleaved atom interferometry for high-sensitivity inertial measurements","volume":"4","author":"Savoie","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2161-4296.2005.tb01726.x","article-title":"Navigation Error Analysis of Atom Interferometer Inertial Sensor","volume":"52","author":"Jekeli","year":"2005","journal-title":"Navigation"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"034030","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevApplied.10.034030","article-title":"Navigation-Compatible Hybrid Quantum Accelerometer Using a Kalman Filter","volume":"10","author":"Cheiney","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Appl."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aap7706","article-title":"Measurement of the fine-structure constant as a test of the Standard Model","volume":"360","author":"Parker","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2964-7","article-title":"Determination of the fine-structure constant with an accuracy of 81 parts per trillion","volume":"588","author":"Morel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1135459","article-title":"Atom Interferometer Measurement of the Newtonian Constant of Gravity","volume":"315","author":"Fixler","year":"2007","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13433","article-title":"Precision measurement of the Newtonian gravitational constant using cold atoms","volume":"510","author":"Rosi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"024014","DOI":"10.1088\/2058-9565\/abd83e","article-title":"Testing gravity with cold atom interferometry: Results and prospects","volume":"6","author":"Tino","year":"2021","journal-title":"Quantum Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122002","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevD.78.122002","article-title":"Atomic gravitational wave interferometric sensor","volume":"78","author":"Dimopoulos","year":"2008","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. D"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191101","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.125.191101","article-title":"Atom-Interferometric Test of the Equivalence Principle at the 10\u221212 Level","volume":"125","author":"Asenbaum","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103772","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ppnp.2020.103772","article-title":"Precision gravity tests and the Einstein Equivalence Principle","volume":"112","author":"Tino","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prog. Part. Nucl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-03040-2","article-title":"Absolute marine gravimetry with matter-wave interferometry","volume":"9","author":"Bidel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1007\/s00190-020-01350-2","article-title":"Absolute airborne gravimetry with a cold atom sensor","volume":"94","author":"Bidel","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Geod."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2019.01.034","article-title":"Impact of a novel hybrid accelerometer on satellite gravimetry performance","volume":"63","author":"Abrykosov","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Metcalf, H., and van der Straten, P. (2003). Laser Cooling and Trapping. J. Opt. Soc. Am. B, 20.","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAB.20.000887"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1134\/S2075108714040051","article-title":"Underground operation at best sensitivity of the mobile LNE-SYRTE cold atom gravimeter","volume":"5","author":"Farah","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gyroscopy Navig."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/s00340-008-3088-1","article-title":"Limits to the sensitivity of a low noise compact atomic gravimeter","volume":"92","author":"Kim","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. B"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1088\/0026-1394\/46\/1\/011","article-title":"Operating an atom interferometer beyond its linear range","volume":"46","author":"Merlet","year":"2009","journal-title":"Metrologia"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144102","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4897358","article-title":"Hybridizing matter-wave and classical accelerometers","volume":"105","author":"Lautier","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms1479","article-title":"Detecting inertial effects with airborne matter-wave interferometry","volume":"2","author":"Geiger","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Dick, G.J. (1987, January 1\u20133). Local Oscillator Induced Instabilities in Trapped Ion Frequency Standards. Proceedings of the 19th Annual Precise Time and Time Interval, Redondo Beach, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1109\/58.710548","article-title":"Frequency stability degradation of an oscillator slaved to a periodically interrogated atomic resonator","volume":"45","author":"Santarelli","year":"1998","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2007.915148","article-title":"Measurement of the Sensitivity Function in a Time-Domain Atomic Interferometer","volume":"57","author":"Cheinet","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ast.2004.01.006","article-title":"In orbit nano-g measurements, lessons for future space missions","volume":"8","author":"Touboul","year":"2004","journal-title":"Aerosp. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kenyon, S., Pacino, M.C., and Marti, U. (2012). CHAMP, GRACE, GOCE Instruments and Beyond. Geodesy for Planet Earth, Springer. International Association of Geodesy Symposia.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-20338-1"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231101","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.119.231101","article-title":"MICROSCOPE Mission: First Results of a Space Test of the Equivalence Principle","volume":"119","author":"Touboul","year":"2017","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"090402","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.108.090402","article-title":"Influence of the Coriolis Force in Atom Interferometry","volume":"108","author":"Lan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13786","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms13786","article-title":"Dual matter-wave inertial sensors in weightlessness","volume":"7","author":"Barrett","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"070305","DOI":"10.1088\/1674-1056\/ab969a","article-title":"Suppression of Coriolis error in weak equivalence principle test using 85Rb-87Rb dual-species atom interferometer","volume":"29","author":"Duan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chin. Phys. B"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"013312","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.104.013312","article-title":"Extension of the rotation-rate measurement range with no sensitivity loss in a cold-atom gyroscope","volume":"104","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"Hogan, J.M., Johnson, D.M.S., and Kasevich, M.A. (2009). Light-pulse atom interferometry. At. Opt. Space Phys., 411\u2013447."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1007\/s00340-013-5413-6","article-title":"First gravity measurements using the mobile atom interferometer GAIN","volume":"113","author":"Hauth","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. B"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5295","DOI":"10.1029\/JB074i022p05295","article-title":"Direct measurements of the Earth\u2019s gravitational potential using a satellite pair","volume":"74","author":"Wolff","year":"1969","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008313405488","article-title":"The determination of gravitational potential differences from satellite-to-satellite tracking","volume":"75","author":"Jekeli","year":"1999","journal-title":"Celest. Mech. Dyn. Astron."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"031101","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.123.031101","article-title":"In-Orbit Performance of the GRACE Follow-on Laser Ranging Interferometer","volume":"123","author":"Abich","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1007\/s00190-013-0671-y","article-title":"Optimal orbits for temporal gravity recovery regarding temporal aliasing","volume":"88","author":"Pail","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Geod."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7343","DOI":"10.1002\/2017JB014250","article-title":"Treatment of temporal aliasing effects in the context of next generation satellite gravimetry missions","volume":"122","author":"Daras","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"Daras, I. (2016). Gravity Field Processing towards Future LL-SST Satellite Missions. [Ph.D. Thesis, Technical University of Munich]. Available online: http:\/\/mediatum.ub.tum.de\/?id=1279854."},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"Iran Pour, S., Reubelt, T., Sneeuw, N., Daras, I., Murb\u00f6ck, M., Gruber, T., Pail, R., Weigelt, M., van Dam, T., and Visser, P. (2015). Assessment of satellite constellations for monitoring the variations in Earth gravity field. SC4MGV, ESA\/ESTEC Contract No. AO\/1-7317\/12\/NL\/AF, ESA. Final Report."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144107","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4801756","article-title":"Compact cold atom gravimeter for field applications","volume":"102","author":"Bidel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"083001","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.111.083001","article-title":"Multiaxis Inertial Sensing with Long-Time Point Source Atom Interferometry","volume":"111","author":"Dickerson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rummel, R., van Gelderen, M., Koop, R., Schrala, E., Sans\u00f2, F., Brovelli, M., Miggliaccio, F., and Sacerdote, F. (1993). Spherical Harmonic Analysis of Satellite Gradiometry, Geodesy, Netherlands Geodetic Commissio. Number 39.","DOI":"10.54419\/kmqa4w"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Knabe, A., Wu, H., Schilling, M., and M\u00fcller, J. (2020, January 4\u20138). Hybridization of atomic and electrostatic accelerometers for satellite control and gravity field recovery. Proceedings of the Technical Report EGU2020-9893, Copernicus Meetings, Online.","DOI":"10.5194\/egusphere-egu2020-9893"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"033610","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.84.033610","article-title":"Cold-atom gravimetry with a Bose-Einstein condensate","volume":"84","author":"Debs","year":"2011","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203003","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.117.203003","article-title":"Atom-Chip Fountain Gravimeter","volume":"117","author":"Abend","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1140\/epjd\/s10053-021-00069-9","article-title":"Inertial sensing with quantum gases: A comparative performance study of condensed versus thermal sources for atom interferometry","volume":"75","author":"Hensel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Phys. J. D"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"080405","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.103.080405","article-title":"Enhancing the Area of a Raman Atom Interferometer Using a Versatile Double-Diffraction Technique","volume":"103","author":"Gauguet","year":"2009","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3554","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.47.3554","article-title":"Quantum projection noise: Population fluctuations in two-level systems","volume":"47","author":"Itano","year":"1993","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"063604","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.80.063604","article-title":"Characterization and limits of a cold-atom Sagnac interferometer","volume":"80","author":"Gauguet","year":"2009","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"043615","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.78.043615","article-title":"Off-resonant Raman transition impact in an atom interferometer","volume":"78","author":"Gauguet","year":"2008","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01081393","article-title":"Precision measurement of \u210f\/mCs based on photon recoil using laser-cooled atoms and atomic interferometry","volume":"59","author":"Weiss","year":"1994","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. B"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"023602","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.72.023602","article-title":"Phase shifts in precision atom interferometry due to the localization of atoms and optical fields","volume":"72","author":"Wicht","year":"2005","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1007\/s00340-015-6138-5","article-title":"The effect of wavefront aberrations in atom interferometry","volume":"120","author":"Schkolnik","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. B"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"043610","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.93.043610","article-title":"Observing the effect of wave-front aberrations in an atom interferometer by modulating the diameter of Raman beams","volume":"93","author":"Zhou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"034016","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevApplied.7.034016","article-title":"Active Control of Laser Wavefronts in Atom Interferometers","volume":"7","author":"Trimeche","year":"2017","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Appl."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160401","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.118.160401","article-title":"Circumventing Heisenberg\u2019s Uncertainty Principle in Atom Interferometry Tests of the Equivalence Principle","volume":"118","author":"Roura","year":"2017","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253201","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.119.253201","article-title":"Canceling the Gravity Gradient Phase Shift in Atom Interferometry","volume":"119","author":"Rosi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183604","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.120.183604","article-title":"Effective Inertial Frame in an Atom Interferometric Test of the Equivalence Principle","volume":"120","author":"Overstreet","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crhy.2015.05.002","article-title":"The ACES\/PHARAO space mission","volume":"16","author":"Laurent","year":"2015","journal-title":"Comptes Rendus Phys."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"033104","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4914025","article-title":"PHARAO laser source flight model: Design and performances","volume":"86","author":"Faure","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Instruments"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"093602","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.110.093602","article-title":"Interferometry with Bose-Einstein Condensates in Microgravity","volume":"110","author":"Ahlers","year":"2013","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"065001","DOI":"10.1088\/1367-2630\/17\/6\/065001","article-title":"A high-flux BEC source for mobile atom interferometers","volume":"17","author":"Rudolph","year":"2015","journal-title":"New J. Phys."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1007\/s10686-014-9433-y","article-title":"Design of a dual species atom interferometer for space","volume":"39","author":"Schuldt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exp. Astron."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41526-018-0049-9","article-title":"NASA\u2019s Cold Atom Lab (CAL): System development and ground test status","volume":"4","author":"Elliott","year":"2018","journal-title":"NPJ Microgravity"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1140\/epjqt\/s40507-020-00090-8","article-title":"The Bose-Einstein Condensate and Cold Atom Laboratory","volume":"8","author":"Frye","year":"2021","journal-title":"EPJ Quantum Technol."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/14\/3273\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:43:58Z","timestamp":1760139838000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/14\/3273"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,7]]},"references-count":93,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]}},"alternative-id":["rs14143273"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs14143273","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,7]]}}}