{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T13:50:34Z","timestamp":1776347434252,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,11]],"date-time":"2022-07-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1657497600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Sciences (KFAS)","award":["2012141301"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2012141301"]}]},{"name":"Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Sciences (KFAS)","award":["P21544SP01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P21544SP01"]}]},{"name":"Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Sciences (KFAS)","award":["CN1742SP01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CN1742SP01"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The goal of this study is to validate and analyze NASA\u2019s Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) products over the desert of Kuwait. The study period was between April 2015 and April 2020. The study domain includes a mission candidate calibration\/validation (Cal\/Val) site that comprises six permanent soil moisture stations used to verify SMAP estimates. In addition, intensive field campaigns were conducted within and around the candidate Cal\/Val site during the study period to collect additional thermogravimetric samples. The mean difference (MD), root mean squared difference (RMSD), unbiased root mean square difference (ubRMSD), and correlation coefficient (R) were computed to assess the agreement between SMAP SM products and in situ observations. The comparison of the six ground station sensors\u2019 observations with the thermogravimetric samples led to an absolute mean bias (AMB) of 0.034 m3 m\u22123, which was then used to calibrate the sensors and bias-correct their measurements. The temporal consistency of the readings from the test site and calibrated sensors was assessed using the mean relative difference (MRD) and its standard deviation of relative difference (SDRD). Using a sampling density analysis, it was determined that a minimum of four ground stations would be required to validate the test site. Furthermore, the consistency between SMAP satellite soil moisture data and those derived from the Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) satellite operated by the European Space Agency, and their agreement with in situ samples, was analyzed. The comparison of SMAP and SMOS soil moisture data with in situ observations showed that both satellites successfully captured the spatial and temporal distribution of soil moisture. For SMAP and SMOS, the lowest ubRMSE statistics were 0.043 m3 m\u22123 and 0.045 m3 m\u22123, respectively, which are slightly higher than the mission target of 0.04 m3 m\u22123.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14143328","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,11]],"date-time":"2022-07-11T03:46:08Z","timestamp":1657511168000},"page":"3328","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Validation of NASA SMAP Satellite Soil Moisture Products over the Desert of Kuwait"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4486-237X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hala","family":"AlJassar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Kuwait University, P.O. Box 5969, Safat, Kuwait City 13060, Kuwait"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0006-2685","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marouane","family":"Temimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil, Environmental and Ocean Engineering (CEOE), Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Abdelkader","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil, Environmental and Ocean Engineering (CEOE), Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Petrov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Disaster Management Program, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, P.O. Box 24885, Safat, Kuwait City 13109, Kuwait"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5231-5491","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Panagiotis","family":"Kokkalis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Kuwait University, P.O. Box 5969, Safat, Kuwait City 13060, Kuwait"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hussain","family":"AlSarraf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics and Natural sciences, American University of Kuwait, P.O. Box 3323, Safat, Kuwait City 13034, Kuwait"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3462-305X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nair","family":"Roshni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Kuwait University, P.O. Box 5969, Safat, Kuwait City 13060, Kuwait"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hamad Al","family":"Hendi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Kuwait University, P.O. Box 5969, Safat, Kuwait City 13060, Kuwait"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1002\/eco.11","article-title":"Vegetation controls on soil moisture distribution in the Valles Caldera, New Mexico, during the North American monsoon","volume":"1","author":"Vivoni","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ecohydrology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-1963(03)00089-2","article-title":"Long-term effects of revegetation on soil water content of sand dunes in arid region of Northern China","volume":"57","author":"Li","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. 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