{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T08:43:50Z","timestamp":1776415430607,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,14]],"date-time":"2022-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1657756800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Spanish State Agency for Research","award":["PID2019-104136RRC21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2019-104136RRC21"]}]},{"name":"Spanish State Agency for Research","award":["PID2019-104136RR-C22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2019-104136RR-C22"]}]},{"name":"Spanish State Agency for Research","award":["PRE2020-095133"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRE2020-095133"]}]},{"name":"Spanish State Agency for Research","award":["AVA2019.018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AVA2019.018"]}]},{"name":"IFAPA\/FEDER","award":["PID2019-104136RRC21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2019-104136RRC21"]}]},{"name":"IFAPA\/FEDER","award":["PID2019-104136RR-C22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2019-104136RR-C22"]}]},{"name":"IFAPA\/FEDER","award":["PRE2020-095133"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRE2020-095133"]}]},{"name":"IFAPA\/FEDER","award":["AVA2019.018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AVA2019.018"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Agricultural management decision-making in salinization-prone environments requires efficient soil salinity monitoring methods. This is the case in the B-XII irrigation district in SW Spain, a heavy clay reclaimed marsh area where a shallow saline water table and intensively irrigated agriculture create a fragile balance between salt accumulation and leaching in the root zone, which might be disrupted by the introduction of new crops and increasing climate variability. We evaluated the potential of electromagnetic induction (EMI) tomography for field-scale soil salinity assessment in this hyper-conductive environment, using EMI and limited analytical soil data measured in 2017 and 2020 under a processing tomato\u2013cotton\u2013sugar beet crop rotation. Salinity effects on crop development were assessed by comparing Sentinel 2 NDVI imagery with inverted depth-specific electrical conductivity (EC). Average apparent electrical conductivity (ECa) for the 1-m depth signal was 20% smaller in 2020 than in 2017, although the spatial ECa pattern was similar for both years. Inverted depth-specific EC showed a strong correlation (R \u2248 0.90) with saturated paste extract EC (ECe), [Na+] and sodium absorption ratio (SAR), resulting in linear calibration equations with R2 \u2248 0.8 for both years and leave-one-out cross validation Nash\u2013Sutcliffe Efficiency Coefficient, ranging from 0.57 to 0.74. Overall, the chemical parameter estimation improved with depth and soil wetness (2017), yielding 0.83 &lt; R &lt;0.98 at 0.9 m. The observed spatial EC distributions showed a steadily increasing inverse correlation with NDVI during the growing season, particularly for processing tomato and cotton, reaching R values of \u22120.71 and \u22120.85, respectively. These results confirm the potential of EMI tomography for mapping and monitoring soil salinity in the B-XII irrigation district, while it allows, in combination with NDVI imagery, a detailed spatial assessment of soil salinity impacts on crop development throughout the growing season. Contrary to the popular belief among farmers in the area, and despite non-saline topsoil conditions, spatial EC and subsoil salinity patterns were found to affect crop development negatively in the studied field.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14143389","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,15]],"date-time":"2022-07-15T01:57:11Z","timestamp":1657850231000},"page":"3389","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Depth-Specific Soil Electrical Conductivity and NDVI Elucidate Salinity Effects on Crop Development in Reclaimed Marsh Soils"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Luis","family":"G\u00f3mez Flores","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IFAPA Centro Alameda del Obispo, 14004 C\u00f3rdoba, Spain"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Ramos Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IFAPA Centro Alameda del Obispo, 14004 C\u00f3rdoba, Spain"}]},{"given":"Alfonso","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez Jim\u00e9nez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IFAPA Centro Alameda del Obispo, 14004 C\u00f3rdoba, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9549-7344","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad","family":"Farzamian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Agr\u00e1ria e Veterin\u00e1ria, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Juan Francisco","family":"Herencia Gal\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IFAPA Centro Las Torres, 41200 Alcal\u00e1 del R\u00edo, Spain"}]},{"given":"Benito","family":"Salvatierra Bellido","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FAPA Centro Rancho de la Merced, 11431 Jer\u00e9z de la Frontera, Spain"}]},{"given":"Pedro","family":"Cerme\u00f1o Sacristan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IFAPA Centro Las Torres, 41200 Alcal\u00e1 del R\u00edo, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2396-7965","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karl","family":"Vanderlinden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IFAPA Centro Alameda del Obispo, 14004 C\u00f3rdoba, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3419","DOI":"10.1002\/2015WR017071","article-title":"Balancing water scarcity and quality for sustainable irrigated agriculture","volume":"51","author":"Assouline","year":"2015","journal-title":"Water Resour. 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