{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T16:59:34Z","timestamp":1783443574904,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,15]],"date-time":"2022-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1657843200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Tabriz","award":["s818"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["s818"]}]},{"name":"Alexander von Humboldt Foundation","award":["s818"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["s818"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Recent improvements in earth observation technologies and Geographical Information System (GIS) based spatial analysis methods require us to examine the efficiency of the different data-driven methods and decision rules for soil salinity monitoring and degradation mapping. The main objective of this study was to analyze the environmental impacts of the Lake Urmia drought on soil salinity and degradation risk in the plains surrounding the hyper-saline lake. We monitored the impacts of the lake drought on soil salinity by applying spatiotemporal indices to time-series satellite images (1990\u20132020) in Google Earth Engine environment. We also computed the soil salinity ratio to validate the results and determine the most efficient soil salinity monitoring techniques. We then mapped the soil degradation risk based on GIS spatial decision-making methods. Our results indicated that the Urmia Lake drought is leading to the formation of extensive salt lands, which impact the fertility of the farmlands. The land affected by soil salinity has increased from 2.86% in 1990 to 16.68% in 2020. The combined spectral response index, with a performance of 0.95, was the most efficient image processing method to assess soil salinity. The soil degradation risk map showed that 38.45% of the study area has a high or very high risk of degradation, which is a significant threat to food production. This study presents an integrated geoinformation approach for time-series soil salinity monitoring and degradation risk mapping that supports future studies by comparing the efficiency of different methods as state of the art. From a practical perspective, the results also provide key information for decision-makers, authorities, and local stakeholders in their efforts to mitigate the environmental impacts of lake drought and sustain the food production to sustain the 7.3 million residents.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14143407","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,18]],"date-time":"2022-07-18T01:53:22Z","timestamp":1658109202000},"page":"3407","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Impacts of the Urmia Lake Drought on Soil Salinity and Degradation Risk: An Integrated Geoinformatics Analysis and Monitoring Approach"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Bakhtiar","family":"Feizizadeh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Remote Sensing and GIS, University of Tabriz, Tabriz 51368, Iran"},{"name":"Department of Geography, Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, 10099 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7904-6903","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Davoud","family":"Omarzadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IN3, Universit\u00e4t Oberta de Catalunya, 08018 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keyvan","family":"Mohammadzadeh Alajujeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Remote Sensing and GIS, University of Tabriz, Tabriz 51368, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1860-8458","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Blaschke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geoinformatics (Z-GIS), University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3566-7764","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohsen","family":"Makki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, 10099 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105078","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2019.105078","article-title":"Soil and the intensification of agriculture for global food security","volume":"132","author":"Kopittkea","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. 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