{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T15:45:50Z","timestamp":1769010350055,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,18]],"date-time":"2022-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658102400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41977415"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41977415"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mining developments in alpine coal mining areas result in slow or rapid ground subsidence, which can lead to melting and collapse of permafrost. This paper integrated unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) images and satellite-based SAR interferometry images to monitor intensive surface mining subsidence during reclamation. Digital Surface Model (DSM) acquired from UAV images was first used to evaluate the changes of the reclamation scheme on the microtopography carried out by slope and the Digital Elevation Model (DEM) of difference (DoD). The monitoring results showed that the slope had been reduced from over 30 degrees to under 15 degrees after the terrain had been reshaped. The DoD map revealed the distribution of main extraction areas and landfill areas. To further monitor the surface subsidence after local terrain adjustment, the Permanent Scatterer Interferometry (PS-InSAR) method was used to reveal the surface subsidence characteristics of the mine site before and after reclamation. The maximum cumulative subsidence ranged from \u2212772.3 to 1183 mm based on 21 Sentinel-1A images in three years. Within a year of terrain reshaping, uplift and subsidence still occurred at hills and pit side slopes, following the nearly equal subsidence rate. The experimental results showed that the slope reshaping and vegetation recovery had a limited impact on the reduction of the ground subsidence in a short period. Therefore, on this basis, a combination of UAV and PS-InSAR methods can be used to continue monitoring time series subsidence in alpine mines.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14143442","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,19]],"date-time":"2022-07-19T00:19:21Z","timestamp":1658189961000},"page":"3442","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Monitoring Extractive Activity-Induced Surface Subsidence in Highland and Alpine Opencast Coal Mining Areas with Multi-Source Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Shuqing","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Land Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4925-440X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zechao","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical and Control Engineering, North China University of Technology, Beijing 100144, China"}]},{"given":"Yuepeng","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Land Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Land Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6660922","article-title":"Research on Surface Deformation of Ordos Coal Mining Area by Integrating Multitemporal D-InSAR and Offset Tracking Technology","volume":"2021","author":"Yao","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Sens."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1431","DOI":"10.1002\/esp.4327","article-title":"Waste dump erosional landform stability\u2014A critical issue for mountain mining","volume":"43","author":"Zapico","year":"2018","journal-title":"Earth Surf. Processes Landf."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, B., Wu, S., Ding, X., Wang, C., Zhu, J., and Li, Q. (2021). Use of Multiplatform SAR Imagery in Mining Deformation Monitoring with Dense Vegetation Coverage: A Case Study in the Fengfeng Mining Area, China. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13163091"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"142","article-title":"Ground deformation associated with post-mining activity at the French\u2013German border revealed by novel InSAR time series method","volume":"23","author":"Samsonov","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earscirev.2019.02.015","article-title":"Effects of surface coal mining and land reclamation on soil properties: A review","volume":"191","author":"Feng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Earth-Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131522","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2022.131522","article-title":"Innovation for sustainable mining: Integrated planning of underground coal mining and mine reclamation","volume":"351","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malinowska, A.A., Witkowski, W.T., Guzy, A., and Hejmanowski, R. (2020). Satellite-Based Monitoring and Modeling of Ground Movements Caused by Water Rebound. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12111786"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"102392","article-title":"Time evolution of mining-related residual subsidence monitored over a 24-year period using InSAR in southern Alsace, France","volume":"102","author":"Modeste","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adesipo, A.A., Freese, D., Zerbe, S., and Wiegleb, G. (2021). An Approach to Thresholds for Evaluating Post-Mining Site Reclamation. Sustainability, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/su13105618"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"230","article-title":"Ecological environment rehabilitation management model and key technologies in plateau alpine coal mine","volume":"46","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. China Coal Soc."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, X., Mu, C., and Zhang, D. (2020). Assessment of Land Reclamation Benefits in Mining Areas Using Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation. Sustainability, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/su12052015"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1029\/97RG03139","article-title":"Radar interferometry and its application to changes in the Earth\u2019s surface","volume":"36","author":"Massonnet","year":"1998","journal-title":"Rev. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1109\/5.838084","article-title":"Synthetic aperture radar interferometry","volume":"88","author":"Rosen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jappgeo.2012.10.003","article-title":"Surface deformation induced by water influx in the abandoned coal mines in Limburg, The Netherlands observed by satellite radar interferometry","volume":"88","author":"Hooper","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Appl. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2014.12.003","article-title":"Assessments of land subsidence in the Gippsland Basin of Australia using ALOS PALSAR data","volume":"159","author":"Ng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3717","DOI":"10.1007\/s11368-021-03040-8","article-title":"Using time series InSAR to assess the deformation activity of open-pit mine dump site in severe cold area","volume":"21","author":"Gong","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Soils Sediments"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26003","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JRS.11.026003","article-title":"Using temporarily coherent point interferometric synthetic aperture radar for land subsidence monitoring in a mining region of western China","volume":"11","author":"Fan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Appl. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1080\/19475705.2017.1415229","article-title":"Detecting mining-induced ground deformation and associated hazards using spaceborne InSAR techniques","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Geomat. Nat. Hazards Risk"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-018-7488-1","article-title":"Integration of D-InSAR and GIS technology for identifying illegal underground mining in Yangquan District, Shanxi Province, China","volume":"77","author":"Xia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-014-1067-x","article-title":"Study of ground subsidence in northwest Harris county using GPS, LiDAR, and InSAR techniques","volume":"73","author":"Khan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"92","article-title":"Satellite radar interferometry for monitoring subsidence induced by longwall mining activity using Radarsat-2, Sentinel-1 and ALOS-2 data","volume":"61","author":"Ng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tarolli, P., and Sofia, G. (2020). Remote sensing for the analysis of anthropogenic geomorphology: Potential responses to sediment dynamics in the agricultural landscapes. Remote Sensing of Geomorphology, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-64177-9.00009-6"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2010.07.004","article-title":"Slope aspect affects geomorphic dynamics of coal mining spoil heaps in Belgium","volume":"123","author":"Nyssen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2014.04.025","article-title":"High-resolution monitoring of Himalayan glacier dynamics using unmanned aerial vehicles","volume":"150","author":"Immerzeel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2020.112118","article-title":"Using historical aerial photographs to measure earthquake deformation: Testing the effects of scan resolution","volume":"252","author":"Lu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Balazs, M., Prakash, A., and Wolken, G. (2021). Quantifying Debris Flood Deposits in an Alaskan Fjord Using Multitemporal Digital Elevation Models. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21061966"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107449","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2020.107449","article-title":"Application of geomorphons for analysing changes in the morphology of a proglacial valley (case study: The Scott River, SW Svalbard)","volume":"371","author":"Gawrysiak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1002\/esp.1886","article-title":"Accounting for uncertainty in DEMs from repeat topographic surveys: Improved sediment budgets","volume":"35","author":"Wheaton","year":"2010","journal-title":"Earth Surf. Processes Landf."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geoderma.2020.114477","article-title":"High-resolution monitoring of diffuse (sheet or interrill) erosion using structure-from-motion","volume":"375","author":"Quinton","year":"2020","journal-title":"Geoderma"},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"102324","article-title":"Multi-scale deformation monitoring with Sentinel-1 InSAR analyses along the Middle Route of the South-North Water Diversion Project in China","volume":"100","author":"Dong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/14\/3442\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:52:45Z","timestamp":1760140365000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/14\/3442"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,18]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]}},"alternative-id":["rs14143442"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs14143442","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,18]]}}}