{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T11:24:27Z","timestamp":1770895467851,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,18]],"date-time":"2022-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658102400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["52071307"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52071307"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["41906185"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41906185"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["U1901602"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U1901602"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2020CXGC010702"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020CXGC010702"]}]},{"name":"Shandong Province","award":["52071307"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52071307"]}]},{"name":"Shandong Province","award":["41906185"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41906185"]}]},{"name":"Shandong Province","award":["U1901602"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U1901602"]}]},{"name":"Shandong Province","award":["2020CXGC010702"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020CXGC010702"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The upward trend of metro flooding disasters inevitably brings new challenges to urban underground flood management. It is essential to evaluate the resilience of metro systems so that efficient flood disaster plans for preparation, emergency response, and timely mitigation may be developed. Traditional response solutions merged multiple sources of data and knowledge to support decision-making. An obvious drawback is that original data sources for evaluations are often stationary, inaccurate, and subjective, owing to the complexity and uncertainty of the metro station\u2019s actual physical environment. Meanwhile, the flood propagation path inside the whole metro station network was prone to be neglected. This paper presents a comprehensive approach to analyzing the resilience of metro networks to solve these problems. Firstly, we designed a simplified weighted and directed metro network module containing six characteristics by a topological approach while considering the slope direction between sites. Subsequently, to estimate the devastating effects and details of the flood hazard on the metro system, a 100-year rainfall\u2013flood scenario simulation was conducted using high-precision DEM and a grid hydrodynamic model to identify the initially above-ground inundated stations (nodes). We developed a dynamic node breakdown algorithm to calculate the inundation sequence of the nodes in the weighted and directed network of the metro. Finally, we analyzed the resilience of the metro network in terms of toughness strength and organization recovery capacity, respectively. The fuzzy best\u2013worst method (FBWM) was developed to obtain the weight of each assessment metric and determine the toughness strength of each node and the entire network. The results were as follows. (1) A simplified three-dimensional metro network based on a complex system perspective was established through a topological approach to explore the resilience of urban subways. (2) A grid hydrodynamic model was developed to accurately and efficiently identify the initially flooded nodes, and a dynamic breakdown algorithm realistically performed the flooding process of the subway network. (3) The node toughness strength was obtained automatically by a nonlinear FBWM method under the constraint of the minimum error to sustain the resilience assessment of the metro network. The research has considerable implications for managing underground flooding and enhancing the resilience of the metro network.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14143451","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,19]],"date-time":"2022-07-19T00:19:21Z","timestamp":1658189961000},"page":"3451","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Inundation Resilience Analysis of Metro-Network from a Complex System Perspective Using the Grid Hydrodynamic Model and FBWM Approach: A Case Study of Wuhan"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4548-1197","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hai","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Meixin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Seismological Bureau, Guangzhou 510070, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xuejing","family":"Ruan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenchi","family":"Shou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Architecture and Built Environment, Deakin University, Melbourne, NSW 2751, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2771","DOI":"10.1002\/hyp.8040","article-title":"A review of advances in flash flood forecasting","volume":"25","author":"Hapuarachchi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hydrol. 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