{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T03:30:34Z","timestamp":1783567834467,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,21]],"date-time":"2022-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658361600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key Research and Development Project of China","award":["2021YFE0193100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFE0193100"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Project of China","award":["2019YFA0607201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019YFA0607201"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Project of China","award":["821016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["821016"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Project of China","award":["202106100112"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202106100112"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program","award":["2021YFE0193100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFE0193100"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program","award":["2019YFA0607201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019YFA0607201"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program","award":["821016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["821016"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program","award":["202106100112"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202106100112"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004543","name":"China Scholarship Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021YFE0193100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFE0193100"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004543","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004543","name":"China Scholarship Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019YFA0607201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019YFA0607201"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004543","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004543","name":"China Scholarship Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["821016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["821016"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004543","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004543","name":"China Scholarship Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["202106100112"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202106100112"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004543","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Urban expansion and ecological restoration policies can simultaneously affect land-cover changes and further affect ecosystem services (ES). However, it is unclear whether and to what extent the distribution and equity of urban ES are influenced by the stage of urban development and government policies. This study aims to assess the quantity and equity of ES under different scenarios in cites of China and Europe. Firstly, we used the Conversion of Land Use and its Effects at Small regional extent (CLUE-S) model to simulate future land cover under three scenarios: business-as-usual (BAU), a market-liberal scenario (MLS), and an ecological protection scenario (EPS). Then using ecosystem service model approaches and the landscape analysis, the dynamics of green infrastructure (GI) fraction and connectivity, carbon sequestration, and PM2.5 removal were further evaluated. The results show that: (1) over the past 20 years, Chinese cities have experienced dramatic changes in land cover and ES relative to European cities. (2) Two metropolises in China, Shanghai and Beijing have experienced an increase in the fraction and connectivity of GI and ES in the long-term built-up areas between 2010 and 2020. (3) EPS scenarios are not only effective in increasing the quantity of ES but also in improving the equity of ES distribution. The proposed framework as well as the results may provide important guidance for future urban planning and sustainable city development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14143488","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,21]],"date-time":"2022-07-21T22:38:50Z","timestamp":1658443130000},"page":"3488","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["A European-Chinese Exploration: Part 2\u2014Urban Ecosystem Service Patterns, Processes, and Contributions to Environmental Equity under Different Scenarios"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Wanben","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, Shanghai Institute of EcoChongming (SIEC), Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China"},{"name":"Department of Urban and Environmental Sociology, UFZ\u2014Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1787-608X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiangyu","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modelling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julius","family":"Knopp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urban and Environmental Sociology, UFZ\u2014Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4379-9006","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laurence","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Environment Centre Wales, Deiniol Road, Bangor LL57 2UW, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4740-1202","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ellen","family":"Banzhaf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urban and Environmental Sociology, UFZ\u2014Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Banzhaf, E., Anderson, S., Grandin, G., Hardiman, R., Jensen, A., Jones, L., Knopp, J., Levin, G., Russel, D., and Wu, W. (2022). Urban-rural dependencies and opportunities to design nature-based solutions for resilience in Europe and China. Land, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/land11040480"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13945","article-title":"Implications of agricultural transitions and urbanization for ecosystem services","volume":"515","author":"Cumming","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Assessment, M.E. (2005). Ecosystems and Human Well-Being, Island Press."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0808772106","article-title":"Science for managing ecosystem services: Beyond the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment","volume":"106","author":"Carpenter","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2021.104266","article-title":"Inequalities of urban green space area and ecosystem services along urban center-edge gradients","volume":"217","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoser.2018.02.017","article-title":"The role of socio-economic factors in planning and managing urban ecosystem services","volume":"31","author":"Wilkerson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ecosyst. Serv."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7348","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1503751112","article-title":"Natural capital and ecosystem services informing decisions: From promise to practice","volume":"112","author":"Guerry","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1038\/443749a","article-title":"Nature: The many benefits of ecosystem services","volume":"443","author":"Reid","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cities.2021.103299","article-title":"Government-driven urbanisation and its impact on regional economic growth in China","volume":"117","author":"Hong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cities"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1007\/s11442-017-1414-4","article-title":"New-type urbanization in China: Predicted trends and investment demand for 2015\u20132030","volume":"27","author":"Sun","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Geogr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"11","article-title":"What the 2020 Chinese Census Tells Us About Progress in Hukou Reform","volume":"21","author":"Chan","year":"2021","journal-title":"China Brief"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.habitatint.2018.10.001","article-title":"Promoting and implementing urban sustainability in China: An integration of sustainable initiatives at different urban scales","volume":"82","author":"He","year":"2018","journal-title":"Habitat Int."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoleng.2017.12.017","article-title":"Evaluating the net value of ecosystem services to support ecological engineering: Framework and a case study of the Beijing Plains afforestation project","volume":"112","author":"Yu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ecol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"102525","article-title":"Spatio-temporal changes in urban green space in 107 Chinese cities (1990\u20132019): The role of economic drivers and policy","volume":"103","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"(2022, June 02). Available online: https:\/\/aut.ac.nz.libguides.com\/c.php?g=678187&p=4901790."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1594","DOI":"10.1177\/0042098015577773","article-title":"Determinants of urban sprawl in European cities","volume":"52","author":"Oueslati","year":"2015","journal-title":"Urban Stud."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103733","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2019.103733","article-title":"The peri-urbanization of Europe: A systematic review of a multifaceted process","volume":"196","author":"Shaw","year":"2020","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"(2022, June 02). Available online: https:\/\/www.umweltbundesamt.de\/en."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1020512723753","article-title":"A gradient analysis of urban landscape pattern: A case study from the Phoenix metropolitan region, Arizona, USA","volume":"17","author":"Luck","year":"2002","journal-title":"Landsc. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.02.005","article-title":"Changes in land-uses and ecosystem services under multi-scenarios simulation","volume":"586","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3062","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.09.305","article-title":"Setting conservation priorities based on ecosystem services-A case study of the Guanzhong-Tianshui Economic Region","volume":"650","author":"Qin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31043","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-12826-9","article-title":"Land use change simulation and spatial analysis of ecosystem service value in Shijiazhuang under multi-scenarios","volume":"28","author":"Gao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Banzhaf, E., Wu, W., Luo, X., and Knopp, J. (2021). Integrated Mapping of Spatial Urban Dynamics\u2014A European-Chinese Exploration. Part 1\u2014Methodology for Automatic Land Cover Classification Tailored towards Spatial Allocation of Ecosystem Services Features. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13091744"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1109\/MPRV.2008.80","article-title":"Openstreetmap: User-generated street maps","volume":"7","author":"Haklay","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Pervasive Comput."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Farr, T.G., Rosen, P.A., Caro, E., Crippen, R., Duren, R., Hensley, S., Kobrick, M., Paller, M., Rodriguez, E., and Roth, L. (2007). The shuttle radar topography mission. Rev. Geophys., 45.","DOI":"10.1029\/2005RG000183"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/sdata.2015.45","article-title":"High-resolution gridded population datasets for Latin America and the Caribbean in 2010, 2015, and 2020","volume":"2","author":"Sorichetta","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2005.02.002","article-title":"Spatial analysis of global urban extent from DMSP-OLS night lights","volume":"96","author":"Small","year":"2005","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559-019-0869-3","article-title":"Sixty years of tracking conservation progress using the World Database on Protected Areas","volume":"3","author":"Bingham","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106841","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2020.106841","article-title":"Land use\/cover predictions incorporating ecological security for the Yangtze River Delta region, China","volume":"119","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1007\/s00267-002-2630-x","article-title":"Modeling the spatial dynamics of regional land use: The CLUE-S model","volume":"30","author":"Verburg","year":"2002","journal-title":"Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2012.12.040","article-title":"Hydrological response to urbanization at different spatio-temporal scales simulated by coupling of CLUE-S and the SWAT model in the Yangtze River Delta region","volume":"485","author":"Zhou","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landusepol.2018.12.028","article-title":"Delimiting urban growth boundaries using the CLUE-S model with village administrative boundaries","volume":"82","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Land Use Policy"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3215","DOI":"10.5194\/gmd-8-3215-2015","article-title":"An open and extensible framework for spatially explicit land use change modelling: The lulcc R package","volume":"8","author":"Moulds","year":"2015","journal-title":"Geosci. Model Dev."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landusepol.2006.09.001","article-title":"Spatial determinants of urban land use change in Lagos, Nigeria","volume":"24","author":"Braimoh","year":"2007","journal-title":"Land Use Policy"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-016-5322-1","article-title":"Monitoring and predicting land use changes in the Huai Thap Salao Watershed area, Uthaithani Province, Thailand, using the CLUE-s model","volume":"75","author":"Waiyasusri","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2021.127321","article-title":"Evaluating the potential impacts of land use changes on ecosystem service value under multiple scenarios in support of SDG reporting: A case study of the Wuhan urban agglomeration","volume":"307","author":"Peng","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.03.496","article-title":"Land subsidence modelling using tree-based machine learning algorithms","volume":"672","author":"Rahmati","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"302","article-title":"Hybrid spatiotemporal simulation of future changes in open wetlands: A study of the Abitibi-T\u00e9miscamingue region, Qu\u00e9bec, Canada","volume":"74","author":"Perez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106671","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2020.106671","article-title":"Simulating wetland changes under different scenarios based on integrating the random forest and CLUE-S models: A case study of Wuhan Urban Agglomeration","volume":"117","author":"Peng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"677","article-title":"Remote sensing and geographic information system data integration: Error sources and research issues","volume":"57","author":"Congalton","year":"1991","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1648","DOI":"10.1111\/ecog.04617","article-title":"landscapemetrics: An open-source R tool to calculate landscape metrics","volume":"42","author":"Hesselbarth","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecography"},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Sharp, R., Tallis, H., Ricketts, T., Guerry, A., Wood, S., Chaplin-Kramer, R., Nelson, E., Ennaanay, D., Wolny, S., and Olwero, N. (2016). InVEST 3.3. 3 User\u2019s Guide, World Wildlife Fund. The Natural Capital Project."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6834","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.9b00103","article-title":"Impacts of urban expansion on terrestrial carbon storage in China","volume":"53","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1111\/1440-1703.1278","article-title":"Modeling the effects of urban expansion on regional carbon storage by coupling SLEUTH-3r model and InVEST model","volume":"34","author":"Lyu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecol. Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1080\/13504509.2020.1817810","article-title":"Evaluation of the spatial variability of ecosystem services and natural capital: The urban land cover change impacts on carbon stocks","volume":"28","author":"Borges","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Sustain. Dev. World Ecol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127450","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ufug.2021.127450","article-title":"Scaling up nature-based solutions for climate-change adaptation: Potential and benefits in three European cities","volume":"67","author":"Cortinovis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Urban For. Urban Green."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3762","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5b05833","article-title":"Global estimates of fine particulate matter using a combined geophysical-statistical method with information from satellites, models, and monitors","volume":"50","author":"Martin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Jones, L., Vieno, M., Morton, D., Hall, J., Carnell, E., Nemitz, E., Beck, R., Reis, S., Pritchard, N., and Hayes, F. (2022, July 20). Developing Estimates for the Valuation of Air Pollution Removal in Ecosystem Accounts. Final Report for Office of National Statistics. Available online: http:\/\/nora.nerc.ac.uk\/id\/eprint\/524081\/7\/N524081RE.pdf."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.147238","article-title":"Using demand mapping to assess the benefits of urban green and blue space in cities from four continents","volume":"785","author":"Fletcher","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"209","article-title":"Methods of measuring the concentration of wealth","volume":"9","author":"Lorenz","year":"1905","journal-title":"Publ. Am. Stat. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Zeileis, A., Kleiber, C., and Zeileis, M.A. Package \u2018ineq\u2019. Tech. Rep., 2009."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2019.02.019","article-title":"Quantifying and mapping the responses of selected ecosystem services to projected land use changes","volume":"102","author":"Lang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, M., Lin, T., Jones, L., Liu, X., Xing, L., Sui, J., Zhang, J., Ye, H., Liu, Y., and Zhang, G. (2021). Quantitatively assessing ecological stress of urbanization on natural ecosystems by using a landscape-adjacency index. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13071352"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.151123","article-title":"Spatiotemporal patterns and inequity of urban green space accessibility and its relationship with urban spatial expansion in China during rapid urbanization period","volume":"809","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3511","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-23905-3","article-title":"Projected losses of ecosystem services in the US disproportionately affect non-white and lower-income populations","volume":"12","author":"Gourevitch","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2019.06.021","article-title":"Just urban futures? Exploring equity in \u201c100 Resilient Cities\u201d","volume":"122","author":"Fitzgibbons","year":"2019","journal-title":"World Dev."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cosust.2017.10.001","article-title":"Shifting roles of urban green space in the context of urban development and global change","volume":"29","author":"Derkzen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Environ. Sustain."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ufug.2017.06.008","article-title":"Quantifying the cool island effects of urban green spaces using remote sensing Data","volume":"27","author":"Du","year":"2017","journal-title":"Urban For. Urban Green."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoser.2017.09.013","article-title":"Monetary value of urban green space as an ecosystem service provider: A case study of urban runoff management in Finland","volume":"28","author":"Silvennoinen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ecosyst. Serv."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10113","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-46099-7","article-title":"Reduction of physiological stress by urban green space in a multisensory virtual experiment","volume":"9","author":"Hedblom","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0706.2000.900102.x","article-title":"On the usage and measurement of landscape connectivity","volume":"90","author":"Tischendorf","year":"2000","journal-title":"Oikos"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111796","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2020.111796","article-title":"Earth observation-based ecosystem services indicators for national and subnational reporting of the sustainable development goals","volume":"244","author":"Cochran","year":"2020","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2007.03.005","article-title":"A new habitat availability index to integrate connectivity in landscape conservation planning: Comparison with existing indices and application to a case study","volume":"83","author":"Saura","year":"2007","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoser.2015.07.006","article-title":"Land use mapping error introduces strongly-localised, scale-dependent uncertainty into land use and ecosystem services modelling","volume":"15","author":"Dong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ecosyst. Serv."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20190320","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.2019.0320","article-title":"Potential and limitation of air pollution mitigation by vegetation and uncertainties of deposition-based evaluations","volume":"378","author":"Nemitz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/14\/3488\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:55:28Z","timestamp":1760140528000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/14\/3488"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,21]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]}},"alternative-id":["rs14143488"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs14143488","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,21]]}}}