{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T13:35:50Z","timestamp":1780320950486,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,21]],"date-time":"2022-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658361600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"General Projects of Chongqing Natural Science Foundation","award":["cstc2021jcyj-msxmX0523"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["cstc2021jcyj-msxmX0523"]}]},{"name":"General Projects of Chongqing Natural Science Foundation","award":["KJQN202100504"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KJQN202100504"]}]},{"name":"General Projects of Chongqing Natural Science Foundation","award":["20XLB019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20XLB019"]}]},{"name":"General Projects of Chongqing Natural Science Foundation","award":["20XLB024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20XLB024"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Research Program of Chongqing Municipal Education Commission","award":["cstc2021jcyj-msxmX0523"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["cstc2021jcyj-msxmX0523"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Research Program of Chongqing Municipal Education Commission","award":["KJQN202100504"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KJQN202100504"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Research Program of Chongqing Municipal Education Commission","award":["20XLB019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20XLB019"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Research Program of Chongqing Municipal Education Commission","award":["20XLB024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20XLB024"]}]},{"name":"Talents Fund Project of Chongqing Normal University","award":["cstc2021jcyj-msxmX0523"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["cstc2021jcyj-msxmX0523"]}]},{"name":"Talents Fund Project of Chongqing Normal University","award":["KJQN202100504"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KJQN202100504"]}]},{"name":"Talents Fund Project of Chongqing Normal University","award":["20XLB019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20XLB019"]}]},{"name":"Talents Fund Project of Chongqing Normal University","award":["20XLB024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20XLB024"]}]},{"name":"Doctoral Startup Fund of Chongqing Normal University","award":["cstc2021jcyj-msxmX0523"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["cstc2021jcyj-msxmX0523"]}]},{"name":"Doctoral Startup Fund of Chongqing Normal University","award":["KJQN202100504"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KJQN202100504"]}]},{"name":"Doctoral Startup Fund of Chongqing Normal University","award":["20XLB019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20XLB019"]}]},{"name":"Doctoral Startup Fund of Chongqing Normal University","award":["20XLB024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20XLB024"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Climate variability has profound effects on vegetation. Spatial distributions of vegetation vulnerability that comprehensively consider vegetation sensitivity and resilience are not well understood in China. Furthermore, the combination of cumulative climate effects and a one-month-lagged autoregressive model represents an advance in the technical approach for calculating vegetation sensitivity. In this study, the spatiotemporal characteristics of vegetation sensitivity to climate variability and vegetation resilience were investigated at seasonal scales. Further analysis explored the spatial distributions of vegetation vulnerability for different regions. The results showed that the spatial distribution pattern of vegetation vulnerability exhibited spatial heterogeneity in China. In spring, vegetation vulnerability values of approximately 0.9 were mainly distributed in northern Xinjiang and northern Inner Mongolia, while low values were scattered in Yunnan Province and the central region of East China. The highest proportion of severe vegetation vulnerability to climate variability was observed in the subhumid zone (28.94%), followed by the arid zone (26.27%). In summer and autumn, the proportions of severe vegetation vulnerability in the arid and humid zones were higher than those in the other climate zones. Regarding different vegetation types, the highest proportions of severe vegetation vulnerability were found in sparse vegetation in different seasons, while the highest proportions of slight vegetation vulnerability were found in croplands in different seasons. In addition, vegetation with high vulnerability is prone to change in Northeast and Southwest China. Although ecological restoration projects have been implemented to increase vegetation cover in northern China, low vegetation resilience and high vulnerability were observed in this region. Most grasslands, which were mainly concentrated on the Qinghai\u2013Tibet Plateau, had high vulnerability. Vegetation areas with low resilience were likely to be degraded in this region. The areas with highly vulnerable vegetation on the Qinghai\u2013Tibet Plateau could function as warning signals of vegetation degradation. Knowledge of spatial patterns of vegetation resilience and vegetation vulnerability will help provide scientific guidance for regional environmental protection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14143491","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,21]],"date-time":"2022-07-21T22:38:50Z","timestamp":1658443130000},"page":"3491","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Quantifying Vegetation Vulnerability to Climate Variability in China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Liangliang","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography and Tourism, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China"},{"name":"Chongqing Key Laboratory of GIS Application, Chongqing 401331, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bing","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Chemistry, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9762-368X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ye","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China"},{"name":"Department of Geography, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1038\/nature23021","article-title":"Global patterns of drought recovery","volume":"548","author":"Schwalm","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate2067","article-title":"Global warming and changes in drought","volume":"4","author":"Trenberth","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. 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