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Zhangjiang National Innovation Demonstration Zone","award":["11673050"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11673050"]}]},{"name":"Key Program of Special Development funds of Zhangjiang National Innovation Demonstration Zone","award":["ZJ2018-ZD\u2212009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZJ2018-ZD\u2212009"]}]},{"name":"Key Program of Special Development funds of Zhangjiang National Innovation Demonstration Zone","award":["2018 YFB0504300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018 YFB0504300"]}]},{"name":"Key Program of Special Development funds of Zhangjiang National Innovation Demonstration Zone","award":["2018 B030325001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018 B030325001"]}]},{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["20XD1404500"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20XD1404500"]}]},{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["11673050"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11673050"]}]},{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["ZJ2018-ZD\u2212009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZJ2018-ZD\u2212009"]}]},{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["2018 YFB0504300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018 YFB0504300"]}]},{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["2018 B030325001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018 B030325001"]}]},{"name":"Key R&amp;D Program of Guangdong province","award":["20XD1404500"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20XD1404500"]}]},{"name":"Key R&amp;D Program of Guangdong province","award":["11673050"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11673050"]}]},{"name":"Key R&amp;D Program of Guangdong province","award":["ZJ2018-ZD\u2212009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZJ2018-ZD\u2212009"]}]},{"name":"Key R&amp;D Program of Guangdong province","award":["2018 YFB0504300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018 YFB0504300"]}]},{"name":"Key R&amp;D Program of Guangdong province","award":["2018 B030325001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018 B030325001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Precipitable water vapor (PWV) is an important component in the climate system and plays a pivotal role in the global water and energy cycles. Over the years, many approaches have been devised to accurately estimate the PWV. Among them, global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) have become one of the most promising and fastest-growing PWV acquisition methods because of its high accuracy, high temporal and spatial resolution, and ability to acquire PWV in all weather and in near real time. We compared GNSS-derived PWV with a 5 min resolution globally distributed over 14,000 stations from the Nevada Geodetic Laboratory (NGL) from 1994 to 2020 with global radiosonde (RS) data, temperature anomalies, and sea height variations. Then, we examined the temporal and spatial variability of the global PWV and analyzed its climate implications. On a global scale, the average bias and root mean square error (RMSE) between GNSS PWV and RS PWV were ~0.72 \u00b1 1.29 mm and ~2.56 \u00b1 1.13 mm, respectively. PWV decreased with increasing latitude, and the rate of this decrease slowed down at latitudes greater than 35\u00b0, with standard deviation (STD) values reaching a maximum at latitudes less than 35\u00b0. The global average linear trend was ~0.64 \u00b1 0.81 mm\/decade and strongly correlated with temperature and sea height variations. For each 1 \u00b0C and 1 mm change, PWV increased by ~2.075 \u00b1 0.765 mm and ~0.015 \u00b1 0.005 mm, respectively. For the time scale, the PWV content peaked ~40 days after the maximum solar radiation of the year (the summer solstice), and the delay was ~40 days relative to the summer solstice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14143493","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,21]],"date-time":"2022-07-21T22:38:50Z","timestamp":1658443130000},"page":"3493","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Spatial\u2013Temporal Variability of Global GNSS-Derived Precipitable Water Vapor (1994\u20132020) and Climate Implications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9693-4999","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Junsheng","family":"Ding","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200030, China"},{"name":"School of Astronomy and Space Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2899-7677","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Junping","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200030, China"},{"name":"School of Astronomy and Space Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"},{"name":"Shanghai Key Laboratory of Space Navigation and Positioning Techniques, Shanghai 200030, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenjie","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200030, China"},{"name":"School of Astronomy and Space Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ziyuan","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200030, China"},{"name":"School of Astronomy and Space Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cassel, D., and Thapa, B. 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