{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T00:55:07Z","timestamp":1760230507972,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,21]],"date-time":"2022-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658361600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Typical features of lightning distribution in the mountain area of Mt. Cimone (2165 m a.s.l., Northern-Central Italy) have been studied through detections provided by the ground-based LIghtning NETwork data (LINET) and the Lightning Imaging Sensor (LIS) onboard the International Space Station (ISS-LIS). This study was performed within the context of the Gamma-Flash program, which includes the in situ observation of high-energy radiation (e.g., Terrestrial Gamma-ray Flashes (TGFs), gamma-ray glows) and neutron emissions from thunderstorms at the mountain-top \u201cO. Vittori\u201d climate observatory. LINET VLF\/LF radio measurements allowed the characterization of both cloud-to-ground (CG) and intra-cloud (IC) strokes\u2019 geographical distribution and an altitude of occurrence from 2012 through 2020. The lightning distribution showed a remarkable clustering of CGs at the mountain top in contrast to a homogeneous distribution of ICs, highlighting the likely impact of orography. IC strokes peaked around 4 to 6 km altitude, in agreement with the observed typical cloud range. The joint exploitation of ISS-LIS optical observations of LINET detections extended the study to further features of flashes not seen in radio wavelengths and stands as the cross-validation of the two detection methods over such a complex orography. These results gave the quantitative indication of the expected occurrence of lightning and ionizing radiation emissions in the Mt. Cimone area and an example of mountain-driven changes in lightning occurrence.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14143501","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,21]],"date-time":"2022-07-21T22:38:50Z","timestamp":1658443130000},"page":"3501","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["A Joint LINET and ISS-LIS View of Lightning Distribution over the Mt. Cimone Area within the GAMMA-FLASH Program"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2228-5540","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandra","family":"Tiberia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Atmospheric Science and Climate (ISAC)-National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Atmospheric Science and Climate, I-00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6740-5051","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enrico","family":"Arnone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Atmospheric Science and Climate (ISAC)-National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Atmospheric Science and Climate, I-00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7253-9721","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Ursi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Space Astrophysics and Planetology (IAPS)-National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF), National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fabio","family":"Fuschino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Astrophysics and Space Science Observatory (OAS)-National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF), National Institute for Astrophysics, I-4012 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Enrico","family":"Virgilli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Astrophysics and Space Science Observatory (OAS)-National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF), National Institute for Astrophysics, I-4012 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6966-3628","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enrico","family":"Preziosi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physics Department and NAST Centre, University of Rome \u201cTor Vergata\u201d, I-00133 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2893-1459","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Tavani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Space Astrophysics and Planetology (IAPS)-National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF), National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00133 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Dipartimento di Fisica, Universit\u00e0 di roma \u201cTor Vergata\u201d, I-00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3808-365X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefano","family":"Dietrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Atmospheric Science and Climate (ISAC)-National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Atmospheric Science and Climate, I-00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11552","DOI":"10.1029\/2019JD031039","article-title":"Geostationary Lightning Mapper and Earth Networks Lightning Detection Over the Contiguous United States and Dependence on Flash Characteristics","volume":"124","author":"Marchand","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. 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