{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]],"date-time":"2025-12-15T14:14:39Z","timestamp":1765808079829,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,23]],"date-time":"2022-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658534400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41675029","KYCX18_0998","2021GZ14","2021ZD27","2021YBY07","2022C03150"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41675029","KYCX18_0998","2021GZ14","2021ZD27","2021YBY07","2022C03150"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Postgraduate Research &amp; Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province","award":["41675029","KYCX18_0998","2021GZ14","2021ZD27","2021YBY07","2022C03150"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41675029","KYCX18_0998","2021GZ14","2021ZD27","2021YBY07","2022C03150"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Program of Huzhou","award":["41675029","KYCX18_0998","2021GZ14","2021ZD27","2021YBY07","2022C03150"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41675029","KYCX18_0998","2021GZ14","2021ZD27","2021YBY07","2022C03150"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology (Key) Program of Zhejiang Meteorological Service","award":["41675029","KYCX18_0998","2021GZ14","2021ZD27","2021YBY07","2022C03150"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41675029","KYCX18_0998","2021GZ14","2021ZD27","2021YBY07","2022C03150"]}]},{"name":"Special Program of Zhejiang Meteorological Service for the Forecaster","award":["41675029","KYCX18_0998","2021GZ14","2021ZD27","2021YBY07","2022C03150"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41675029","KYCX18_0998","2021GZ14","2021ZD27","2021YBY07","2022C03150"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Program of Zhejiang Province","award":["41675029","KYCX18_0998","2021GZ14","2021ZD27","2021YBY07","2022C03150"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41675029","KYCX18_0998","2021GZ14","2021ZD27","2021YBY07","2022C03150"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To gain a deeper understanding of the formation and evolutionary mechanisms of a bow-shaped squall line (BSL) that occurred in East China on 10 May 2021, observations from S-band dual-polarization radars, a disdrometer and other instruments are used to investigate the characteristics and evolution of the kinematic, microphysical and radar echo structure within the squall line during its formative and mature stages. The results are as follows. The updraft induced by upper-level divergence and vertical thermal instability induced by the cold source at the middle and top of the troposphere provided environmental conditions suitable for the formation and strengthening of a squall line. The characteristics of the vertical vorticity at the leading edge of the squall line provided a good indication of its echo structure and evolutionary trend. The mechanism behind a new echo phenomenon\u2014double high-differential reflectivity (ZDR) bands\u2014observed in plan position indicator scans produced by the dual-polarization radar is investigated from the kinematic and microphysical structural perspectives. The evolutionary characteristics of the microphysical structure of the bulk of the squall line and its trailing stratiform cloud region are analyzed based on the quasi-vertical profiles retrieved from the S-band dual-polarization radar in Quzhou. Moreover, a conceptual model describing this type of BSL with a trailing region of stratiform rain in the warm sector is developed to provide technical support for the monitoring and early warning of BSLs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14153531","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,25]],"date-time":"2022-07-25T01:42:13Z","timestamp":1658713333000},"page":"3531","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Analysis of the Characteristics and Evolution Mechanisms of a Bow-Shaped Squall Line in East China Observed with Dual-Polarization Doppler Radars"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9431-7599","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bin","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"},{"name":"Huzhou Meteorological Bureau, Huzhou 313000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ming","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yanfang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Huzhou Meteorological Bureau, Huzhou 313000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhangwei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang Atmospheric Detection Technology Support Center, Hangzhou 310018, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shuang","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Changxing Meteorological Bureau, Huzhou 313000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chen","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Huzhou Meteorological Bureau, Huzhou 313000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Glickman, T.S. (2000). Glossary of Meteorology, American Meteorological Society. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1629","DOI":"10.1175\/MWR-D-12-00208.1","article-title":"General Features of Squall Lines in East China","volume":"141","author":"Meng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mon. Weather Rev."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0477-40.6.277","article-title":"A Radar Pattern Associated with Tornadoes","volume":"40","author":"Nolen","year":"1959","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2224","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0493(2004)132<2224:VSAEWB>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Vortex Structure and Evolution within Bow Echoes. Part I: Single-Doppler and Damage Analysis of the 29 June 1998 Derecho","volume":"132","author":"Atkins","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mon. Weather Rev."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Fujita, T.T. (1978). Manual of Downburst Identification for Project Nimrod, Department of Geophysical Sciences, University of Chicago. Satellite and Mesometeorology Research Paper 156."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0493(1977)105<0129:SEADIT>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Spearhead Echo and Downburst in the Crash of an Airliner","volume":"105","author":"Fujita","year":"1977","journal-title":"Mon. Weather Rev."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1993)050<0645:TGOSLL>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The Genesis of Severe, Long-Lived Bow Echoes","volume":"50","author":"Weisman","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2793","DOI":"10.1175\/MWR3215.1","article-title":"High Winds Generated by Bow Echoes. Part I: Overview of the Omaha Bow Echo 5 July 2003 Storm during Bamex","volume":"134","author":"Wakimoto","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mon. Weather Rev."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Burgess, D.W., and Smull, B.F. (1990, January 22\u201326). Doppler Radar Observations of a Bow Echo Associated with a Long-Track Severe Windstorm. Proceedings of the 16th Conference on Severe Local Storms, American Meteor Society, Kananaskis, AB, Canada."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2146","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0477(1993)074<2146:MCSBAD>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Mesovortex Circulations Seen by Airborne Doppler Radar within a Bow-Echo Mesoscale Convective System","volume":"74","author":"Jorgensen","year":"1993","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1989)046<0281:AHPSLA>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"A High Plains Squall Line Associated with Severe Surface Winds","volume":"46","author":"Schmidt","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2275","DOI":"10.1175\/MWR2973.1","article-title":"Damaging Surface Wind Mechanisms within the 10 June 2003 Saint Louis Bow Echo During Bamex","volume":"133","author":"Atkins","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mon. Weather Rev."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-85-8-1075","article-title":"The Bow Echo and MCV Experiment: Observations and Opportunities","volume":"85","author":"Davis","year":"2004","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0434(2004)019<0727:ROOTEE>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Radar Observations of the Early Evolution of Bow Echoes","volume":"19","author":"Klimowski","year":"2004","journal-title":"Wea. Forecast."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1175\/MWR3100.1","article-title":"Radar and Damage Analysis of Severe Bow Echoes Observed During Bamex","volume":"134","author":"Wheatley","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mon. Weather Rev."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1175\/MWR-D-14-00246.1","article-title":"The Vertical Vorticity Structure within a Squall Line Observed During Bamex: Banded Vorticity Features and the Evolution of a Bowing Segment","volume":"143","author":"Wakimoto","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mon. Wea. Rev."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0434(1999)014<0976:SRAMEA>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Storm Reflectivity and Mesocyclone Evolution Associated with the 15 April 1994 Squall Line over Kentucky and Southern Indiana","volume":"14","author":"Funk","year":"1999","journal-title":"Wea. Forecast."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2804","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0493(2003)131<2804:LMWSLA>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Low-Level Mesovortices within Squall Lines and Bow Echoes. Part II: Their Genesis and Implications","volume":"131","author":"Trapp","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mon. Wea. Rev."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1514","DOI":"10.1175\/2008MWR2650.1","article-title":"Bow Echo Mesovortices. Part II: Their Genesis","volume":"137","author":"Atkins","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mon. Weather Rev."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bringi, V., and Chandrasekar, V. (2001). Polarimetric Doppler Weather Radar. Principles and Applications, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511541094"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ryzhkov, A.V., and Zrni\u0107, D. (2019). Radar Polarimetry for Weather Observations, Springer International Publishing. Available online: https:\/\/link.springer.com\/book\/10.1007\/978-3-030-05093-1.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-05093-1"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0493(1991)119<0678:ASLISG>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"A Squall Line in Southern Germany: Kinematics and Precipitation Formation as Deduced by Advanced Polarimetric and Doppler Radar Measurements","volume":"119","author":"Meischner","year":"1991","journal-title":"Mon. Weather Rev."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.561","article-title":"Polarimetric Signatures and Hydrometeor Classification of West African Squall Lines","volume":"136","author":"Evaristo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8033","DOI":"10.1002\/2016JD026346","article-title":"Evolution of Microphysical Structure of a Subtropical Squall Line Observed by a Polarimetric Radar and a Disdrometer During Opacc in Eastern China","volume":"122","author":"Wen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2019JD031719","DOI":"10.1029\/2019JD031719","article-title":"VDRAS and Polarimetric Radar Investigation of a Bow Echo Formation after a Squall Line Merged with a Preline Convective Cell","volume":"125","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"400","article-title":"Basic Synoptic Situation Classification and Element Character of Severe Convection in China","volume":"40","author":"Xu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Meteor Mon."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1820","DOI":"10.1175\/JAMC-D-13-0354.1","article-title":"The Anatomy and Physics of Zdr Columns: Investigating a Polarimetric Radar Signature with a Spectral Bin Microphysical Model","volume":"53","author":"Kumjian","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, B., Wei, M., and Li, Y. (2022). Dual-Polarization Radar Observations of the Evolution of a Supercell Tornado and Analysis of the Echo Mechanisms. Atmosphere, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos13050797"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1029\/RS019i001p00157","article-title":"Analysis of aircraft hydrometeor spectra and differential reflectivity (ZDR) radar measurements during the Cooperative Convective Precipitation Experiment","volume":"19","author":"Bringi","year":"1984","journal-title":"Radio Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1175\/JAS3680.1","article-title":"Improving Parameterization of Rain Microphysics with Disdrometer and Radar Observations","volume":"63","author":"Zhang","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Schuur, T., Ryzhkov, A., Heinselman, P., Zrnic, D., Burgess, D., and Scharfenberg, K. (2003). Observations and Classification of Echoes with the Polarimetric WSR-88D Radar, National Severe Storms Laboratory. Report of the National Severe Storms Laboratory."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1175\/JTECH1910.1","article-title":"An Automated 2D Multipass Doppler Radar Velocity Dealiasing Scheme","volume":"23","author":"Zhang","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2089","DOI":"10.1175\/2009JTECHA1256.1","article-title":"Use of a Vertical Vorticity Equation in Variational Dual-Doppler Wind Analysis","volume":"26","author":"Shapiro","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1175\/JTECH-D-11-00019.1","article-title":"Impact of a Vertical Vorticity Constraint in Variational Dual-Doppler Wind Analysis: Tests with Real and Simulated Supercell Data","volume":"29","author":"Potvin","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2929","DOI":"10.1175\/2008JAMC1878.1","article-title":"Operational multiple-Doppler wind retrieval inferred from long-range radial velocity measurements","volume":"47","author":"Bousquet","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3992","DOI":"10.1175\/2009MWR2980.1","article-title":"A Variational Multiple-Doppler Radar Three-Dimensional Wind Synthesis Method and its Impacts on Thermodynamic Retrieval","volume":"137","author":"Liou","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mon. Weather Rev."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2011.02.014","article-title":"Assessment of the Thies optical disdrometer performance","volume":"101","author":"Krajewski","year":"2011","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2015.03.001","article-title":"Assessment of different raindrop size measuring techniques: Inter-comparison of Doppler radar, impact and optical disdrometer","volume":"160","author":"Sarkar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1175\/JAMC-D-15-0127.1","article-title":"Raindrop Size Distribution in a Midlatitude Continental Squall Line Measured by Thies Optical Disdrometers over East China","volume":"55","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1029\/RG011i001p00001","article-title":"Doppler Radar Characteristics of Precipitation at Vertical Incidence","volume":"11","author":"Atlas","year":"1973","journal-title":"Rev. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2063","DOI":"10.1175\/JTECH-D-12-00254.1","article-title":"Articulating and Stationary PARSIVEL Disdrometer Measurements in Conditions with Strong Winds and Heavy Rainfall","volume":"30","author":"Friedrich","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2348","DOI":"10.1175\/2010JAMC2269.1","article-title":"An experimental study of smallscale variability of raindrop size distribution","volume":"49","author":"Tokay","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4737","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-23-4737-2019","article-title":"Effect of disdrometer type on rain drop size distribution characterisation: A new dataset for south-eastern Australia","volume":"23","author":"Guyot","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, G.F. (2016). Weather Radar Polarimetry, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781315374666"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1175\/JTECH-D-15-0020.1","article-title":"Quasi-vertical profiles\u2013a new way to look at polarimetric radar data","volume":"33","author":"Ryzhkov","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"OuYang, S.C., McNeil, D., and Lin, Y. (2002). Entering Irregularity, Meteorological Press."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1007\/s13351-020-9875-2","article-title":"Advances in Severe Convection Research and Operation in China","volume":"34","author":"Yu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Meteorol. Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1979)036<0437:TSAEOC>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The Structure and Evolution of Convection in a Tropical Cloud Cluster","volume":"36","author":"Leary","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0434(1995)010<0203:TBEONS>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The Bow Echo: Observations, Numerical Simulations, and Severe Weather Detection Methods","volume":"10","author":"Przybylinski","year":"1995","journal-title":"Wea. Forecast."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Atkins, N.T., and Cunningham, J.J. (2006, January 7). The Influence of Low-Level Stable Layers on Damaging Surface Winds within Bow Echoes. Proceedings of the 23rd Conference on Severe Local Storms, American Meteor Society, Saint Louis, MO, USA."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.49711347604","article-title":"Polarization Radar Studies of Precipitation Development in Convective Storms","volume":"113","author":"Illingworth","year":"1987","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1029\/RS019i001p00132","article-title":"Identification of Hydrometeors and Other Targets by Dual-Polarization Radar","volume":"19","author":"Hall","year":"1984","journal-title":"Radio Sci."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.49711347806","article-title":"Radar Observations and Modelling of Warm Rain Initiation","volume":"113","author":"Caylor","year":"1987","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1989)046<0601:MRSOAM>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Multiparameter Radar Study of a Microburst: Comparison with Model Results","volume":"46","author":"Tuttle","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, J.S., Wei, M., Gao, S.N., Hu, H.F., and Ma, L. (2021). Study on the Scattering Mechanism of Squall Lines with C-Band Dual Polarization Radar. Part I: Echo Characteristics and Particles Phase Recognition. Front. Earth Sci.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11707-020-0863-8"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, J.S., Wei, M., Gao, S.N., and Lu, C.S. (2021). The Scattering Mechanism of Squall Lines with C-Band Dual Polarization Radar. Part II: The Mechanism of an Abnormal ZDR Echo in Clear Air Based on the Parameterization of Turbulence Deformation. Front. Earth Sci.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11707-021-0870-4"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3584","DOI":"10.1002\/2015JD024446","article-title":"Polarimetric Radar and Aircraft Observations of Saggy Bright Bands During MC3E","volume":"121","author":"Kumjian","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1175\/JAMC-D-16-0370.1","article-title":"Contrasting Polarimetric Observations of Stratiform Riming and Nonriming Events","volume":"57","author":"Vogel","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3705","DOI":"10.1175\/JAS3563.1","article-title":"Modeling of the Melting Layer. Part III: The Density Effect","volume":"62","author":"Zawadzki","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1175\/JAMC-D-19-0128.1","article-title":"A Polarimetric Radar Analysis of Ice Microphysical Processes in Melting Layers of Winter Storms Using S-Band Quasi-Vertical Profiles","volume":"59","author":"Griffin","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.1175\/JAMC-D-18-0343.1","article-title":"Estimation of Melting-Layer Cooling Rate from Dual-Polarization Radar: Spectral Bin Model Simulations","volume":"58","author":"Carlin","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9547","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-20-9547-2020","article-title":"Towards the Connection between Snow Microphysics and Melting Layer: Insights from Multifrequency and Dual-Polarization Radar Observations During BAECC","volume":"20","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1995)052<1265:SDVRWP>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Single-Doppler Velocity Retrievals with Phoenix II Data: Clear Air and Microburst Wind Retrievals in the Planetary Boundary Layer","volume":"52","author":"Shapiro","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3487","DOI":"10.1175\/MWR-D-12-00063.1","article-title":"3DVAR versus Traditional Dual-Doppler Wind Retrievals of a Simulated Supercell Thunderstorm","volume":"140","author":"Potvin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mon. weather Rev."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9991(72)90065-4","article-title":"Flow Patterns around Heart Valves: A Numerical Method","volume":"10","author":"Peskin","year":"1972","journal-title":"J. Comput. Phys."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1603","DOI":"10.1175\/MWR-D-11-00151.1","article-title":"An Application of the Immersed Boundary Method for Recovering the Three-Dimensional Wind Fields over Complex Terrain Using Multiple-Doppler Radar Data","volume":"140","author":"Liou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mon. Weather Rev."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3197","DOI":"10.1175\/JAS-D-11-0276.1","article-title":"Air\u2013Sea Enthalpy and Momentum Exchange at Major Hurricane Wind Speeds Observed During Cblast","volume":"69","author":"Bell","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/15\/3531\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:55:22Z","timestamp":1760140522000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/15\/3531"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,23]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]}},"alternative-id":["rs14153531"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs14153531","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,23]]}}}