{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,13]],"date-time":"2025-12-13T07:17:36Z","timestamp":1765610256926,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":124,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,25]],"date-time":"2022-07-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658707200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"German Research Foundation (DFG)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KR 1764\/28-1","BR 877\/37-1","BR 5023\/4-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KR 1764\/28-1","BR 877\/37-1","BR 5023\/4-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Land-use and land-cover change (LULCC) dynamics significantly impact deltas, which are among the world\u2019s most valuable but also vulnerable habitats. Non-risk-oriented LULCCs can act as disaster risk drivers by increasing levels of exposure and vulnerability or by reducing capacity. Making thematically detailed long-term LULCC data available is crucial to improving understanding of those dynamics interlinked at different spatiotemporal scales. For the Ayeyarwady Delta, one of the least studied mega-deltas, such comprehensive information is still lacking. This study used 50 Landsat and Sentinel-1A images spanning five decades from 1974 to 2021 in five-year intervals. A hybrid ensemble model consisting of six machine-learning classifiers was employed to generate land-cover maps from the images, achieving accuracies of about 90%. The major identified potential risk-relevant LULCC dynamics include urban growth towards low-lying areas, mangrove deforestation, and the expansion of irrigated agricultural areas and cultivated aquatic surfaces. The novel area-wide LULCC products achieved through the analyses provide a basis to support future risk-sensitive development decisions and can be used for regionally adapted disaster risk management plans and models. Developed with freely available data and open-source software, they hold great potential to increase research activity in the Ayeyarwady Delta and will be shared upon request.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14153568","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,26]],"date-time":"2022-07-26T00:17:27Z","timestamp":1658794647000},"page":"3568","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Identifying Land-Use Related Potential Disaster Risk Drivers in the Ayeyarwady Delta (Myanmar) during the Last 50 Years (1974\u20132021) Using a Hybrid Ensemble Learning Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3283-8476","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anissa","family":"Vogel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geography, University of Cologne, Albertus-Magnus-Platz, 50923 Cologne, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0766-9818","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katharina","family":"Seeger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geography, University of Cologne, Albertus-Magnus-Platz, 50923 Cologne, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8637-4641","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dominik","family":"Brill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geography, University of Cologne, Albertus-Magnus-Platz, 50923 Cologne, Germany"}]},{"given":"Helmut","family":"Br\u00fcckner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geography, University of Cologne, Albertus-Magnus-Platz, 50923 Cologne, Germany"}]},{"family":"Khin Khin Soe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, University of Yangon, University Avenue Road, Kamayut Township, Yangon 11041, Myanmar"}]},{"family":"Nay Win Oo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"East Yangon University, East Yangon University Road, Thanlyin Township, Thanlyin 11291, Myanmar"}]},{"family":"Nilar Aung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Taunggoke University, Taunggoke, Myanmar"}]},{"family":"Zin Nwe Myint","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, University of Yangon, University Avenue Road, Kamayut Township, Yangon 11041, Myanmar"}]},{"given":"Frauke","family":"Kraas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geography, University of Cologne, Albertus-Magnus-Platz, 50923 Cologne, Germany"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1111772","article-title":"Global Consequences of Land Use","volume":"309","author":"Foley","year":"2005","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-3780(01)00007-3","article-title":"The Causes of Land-Use and Land-Cover Change: Moving beyond the Myths","volume":"11","author":"Lambin","year":"2001","journal-title":"Glob. 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