{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T21:13:19Z","timestamp":1762377199599,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,27]],"date-time":"2022-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658880000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["41975038","42111530028","2008085J33","2022h11020008","Y2021113"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41975038","42111530028","2008085J33","2022h11020008","Y2021113"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003995","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Anhui Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41975038","42111530028","2008085J33","2022h11020008","Y2021113"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41975038","42111530028","2008085J33","2022h11020008","Y2021113"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003995","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100017668","name":"Key research and Development Program of Anhui Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41975038","42111530028","2008085J33","2022h11020008","Y2021113"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41975038","42111530028","2008085J33","2022h11020008","Y2021113"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100017668","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004739","name":"Youth Innovation Promotion Association CAS","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41975038","42111530028","2008085J33","2022h11020008","Y2021113"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41975038","42111530028","2008085J33","2022h11020008","Y2021113"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004739","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>On 15 March 2021, the strongest sandstorm of the last 10 years occurred in China. The MODIS, MPL lidar, EDM 180, ADI 2080 and Meteorological observation instruments were used to observe the dust in Jinan, China, while the HYSPLIT model was also employed to find the source. It was found that the dust originated from Mongolia and the Gobi desert and was transported to Jinan at night on 14th March, lasting until the 18th. Multi-layer dust was observed, of which the dust below the height of 1 km was strongest with the VDR about 0.2 and the maximum extinction coefficient up to 3 km\u22121. The values of AOD and AE were greater than 2 and less than 0.25, respectively. The mass concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5 increased rapidly, and were up to 573 \u00b5g\/m3 and 3406 \u00b5g\/m3, respectively. Additionally, the mass concentration ratio decreased rapidly, with a minimum of 17%. The particle size of the dust was mainly distributed between 0.58\u20136.50 micros due to larger particles increasing dramatically; simultaneously, both the proportion and the value for calcium ions in PM2.5 went up. The dust had an obvious impact on the vertical structure of the air temperature, resulting in occurrence of a strong inversion layer.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14153593","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,28]],"date-time":"2022-07-28T03:21:16Z","timestamp":1658978476000},"page":"3593","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Characterizing a Heavy Dust Storm Event in 2021: Transport, Optical Properties and Impact, Using Multi-Sensor Data Observed in Jinan, China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Aiqin","family":"Tu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Optics, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China"},{"name":"Science Island Branch of Graduate School, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China"},{"name":"Atmospheric Sounding Technology Support Center of Shandong Meteorological Bureau, Jinan 250031, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3648-6124","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhenzhu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Optics, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China"},{"name":"Advanced Laser Technology Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei 230037, China"}]},{"given":"Zhifei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jinan Environmental Monitoring Center of Shandong Province, Jinan 250101, China"}]},{"given":"Wenjuan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jinan Environmental Monitoring Center of Shandong Province, Jinan 250101, China"}]},{"given":"Chang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Meteorological Observatory, Jinan 250031, China"}]},{"given":"Xuanhao","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Optics, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China"},{"name":"Science Island Branch of Graduate School, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China"}]},{"given":"Ji","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Atmospheric Sounding Technology Support Center of Shandong Meteorological Bureau, Jinan 250031, China"}]},{"given":"Yujie","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Atmospheric Sounding Technology Support Center of Shandong Meteorological Bureau, Jinan 250031, China"}]},{"given":"Dong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Optics, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China"},{"name":"Advanced Laser Technology Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei 230037, China"}]},{"given":"Ningquan","family":"Weng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Optics, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China"},{"name":"Advanced Laser Technology Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei 230037, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100771","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aeolia.2022.100771","article-title":"Classification of synoptic weather clusters associated with dust accumulation over southeastern areas of the Caspian Sea (Northeast Iran and Karakum desert)","volume":"54","author":"Mohammadpour","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aeolian Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2013.11.007","article-title":"The global distribution of mineral dust and its impacts on the climate system: A review","volume":"138","author":"Choobari","year":"2014","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1029\/2004EO480002","article-title":"Quantifying mineral dust mass budgets: Terminology, constraints, and current estimates","volume":"85","author":"Zender","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eos Trans. Am. Geophys. Union"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"8331","article-title":"Analysis and quantification of the diversities of aerosol life cycles within AeroCom","volume":"5","author":"Textor","year":"2006","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.5094\/APR.2015.005","article-title":"Identifying sources of dust based on CALIPSO, MODIS satellite data and backward trajectory model","volume":"6","author":"Zhao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Atmos. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huo, W., Song, M., Wu, Y., Zhi, X., Yang, F., Ma, M., Zhou, C., Yang, X., Mamtimin, A., and He, Q. (2022). Relationships between near-surface horizontal dust fluxes and dust depositions at the centre and edge of the Taklamakan Desert. Land, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/land11070959"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2011.04.031","article-title":"Transport, vertical structure and radiative properties of dust events in southeast China determined from ground and space sensors","volume":"45","author":"Liu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aeolia.2016.04.002","article-title":"Climatology of dust distribution over West Asia from homogenized remote sensing data","volume":"21","author":"Nabavi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aeolian Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103562","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earscirev.2021.103562","article-title":"Interactions of Asian mineral dust with Indian summer monsoon: Recent advances and challenges","volume":"215","author":"Jin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Earth-Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"165","article-title":"Lidar detection analysis of a sand-dust process in Jinan","volume":"35","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. China"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7131","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-18-7131-2018","article-title":"Characterization of atmospheric bioaerosols along the transport pathway of Asian dust during the Dust-Bioaerosol 2016 Campaign","volume":"18","author":"Tang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.2871","article-title":"Effects of Asian sand dust particles on the respiratory and immune system","volume":"34","author":"Honda","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Appl. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114001","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP7845","article-title":"Dust storms and human health: A call for more consistent, higher-quality studies","volume":"128","author":"Arnold","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2013.06.046","article-title":"Effect of Asian dust storms on daily mortality in seven metropolitan cities of Korea","volume":"79","author":"Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"719","article-title":"Cause analysis of \u201c2008.5.2\u201d strong sandstorm in the eastern of Hexi corridor","volume":"29","author":"Qian","year":"2010","journal-title":"Plateau Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"320","article-title":"Synoptic analyses of two strong sandstorms in the hinterland of Taklimakan desert","volume":"18","author":"He","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Desert Res."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"12","article-title":"Comparison analysis of two dust devil events in Beijing area","volume":"30","author":"Shen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Meteorlogical Mon."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"343","article-title":"Analysis of a typical heavy dust pollution weather in semi-arid region: A case study in eastern Qinghai","volume":"41","author":"Guo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Sci. Circumstantiae"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"926","article-title":"Causes and characteristics of a dust weather process in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region","volume":"42","author":"Peng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trans. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"45","article-title":"Analysis of the transmission characteristics of a heavy dust pollution weather in Qinghai Plateau","volume":"36","author":"Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. China"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"423","article-title":"Comparative analyses on some statistic characteristics between cold front and Mongolia cyclone dust storm processes","volume":"32","author":"Yun","year":"2013","journal-title":"Plateau Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"144","article-title":"Research review on dust and pollution using space-borne lidar in China","volume":"43","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trans. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2008.07.066","article-title":"South-eastward transport of Asian dust:source, transport and its contributions to Taiwan","volume":"43","author":"Liu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D16214","DOI":"10.1029\/2007JD009776","article-title":"A height resolved global view of dust aerosols from the first year CALIPSO lidar measurements","volume":"113","author":"Liu","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2497","DOI":"10.1007\/s11434-013-5678-5","article-title":"Spatial and temporal distribution of MODIS and MISR aerosol optical depth over northern China and comparison with AERONET","volume":"58","author":"Qi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chin. Sci. Bull."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3137","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-9-3137-2009","article-title":"Trans-pacific dust transport: Integrated analysis of NASA\/CALIPSO and a global aerosol transport model","volume":"9","author":"Eguchi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"426","article-title":"Lidar measurement of dust aerosol radiative property over Lanzhou","volume":"28","author":"Cao","year":"2009","journal-title":"Plateau Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"92","article-title":"Analysis of strong dust process in Lanzhou city: Based on Lidar","volume":"35","author":"Bao","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Arid. Land Resour. Environ."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"983","article-title":"Lidar detection of a sand-dust process in Dalian, Liaoning, China","volume":"30","author":"Huang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Desert Res."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"550","article-title":"Vertical distribution and source analysis of dust aerosol in Beijing under the influence of a dust storm","volume":"35","author":"Deng","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Meteorol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"1093","article-title":"Polarization lidar observations of cirrus clouds and Asian dust aerosols over Hefei","volume":"27","author":"Liu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Chin. J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"52","article-title":"Analysis of lidar measurements from a dust event","volume":"34","author":"Guo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Meteorol. Mon."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"942","article-title":"Application of lidar in sand storm observation\u2014Analysis of dust events of Beijing and Hohhot in spring of 2004","volume":"26","author":"Dong","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Desert Res."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"74","article-title":"Stereo monitoring of a dust case using lidar and sun photometer","volume":"27","author":"Xia","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. China"},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Xu, D. (2008). Development of a Dust-Sand Storms Monitoring System Based on the Sun Photometer with a Preliminary Study on the Observation Precision Influence by Cloud. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology]."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2019.03.014","article-title":"Sensitivity of simulating a dust storm over Central Asia to different dust schemes using the WRF-Chem model","volume":"207","author":"Yuan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364-8152(03)00114-2","article-title":"Long-term simulation of dust distribution with the GOCART model: Correlation with the North Atlantic Oscillation","volume":"19","author":"Ginoux","year":"2004","journal-title":"Environ. Model. Softw."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D12213","DOI":"10.1029\/2005JD006575","article-title":"Dust model intercomparison (DMIP) study over Asia: Overview","volume":"111","author":"Uno","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4416","DOI":"10.1029\/2002JD002775","article-title":"The mineral dust entrainment and deposition (DEAD) model: Description and 1990s dust climatology","volume":"108","author":"Zender","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4447","DOI":"10.1029\/2003JD003483","article-title":"Sensitivity study of meteorological parameters on mineral aerosol mobilization, transport, and distribution","volume":"108","author":"Luo","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2015.05.048","article-title":"Characterizing a persistent Asian dust transport event: Optical properties and impact on air quality through the ground-based and satellite measurements over Nanjing, China","volume":"115","author":"Han","year":"2015","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yoon, J.E., Lim, J.H., Shim, J.M., Kwon, J.I., and Kim, I.N. (2019). Spring 2018 Asian dust events: Sources, transportation, and potential biogeochemical implications. Atmosphere, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos10050276"},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"524","article-title":"Analysis of a dust weather process over east Asia in May 2019 based on satellite and ground-based lidar","volume":"45","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chin. J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"1","article-title":"Use of radionuclides to trace sand and dust sources of the March 15, 2021 dust storm event","volume":"42","author":"Shi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Desert Res."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"245","article-title":"Characteristics and causes of persistent sand-dust weather in mid-March 2021 over Northern China","volume":"41","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Desert Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scib.2021.08.014","article-title":"Revealing the dust transport processes of the 2021 mega dust storm event in northern China","volume":"67","author":"Liang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Bull."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.5194\/isprs-archives-XLII-3-W9-153-2019","article-title":"Characterization of spring air pollution of Beijing in 2019 using active and passive remote sensing instrument","volume":"42","author":"Tian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Levy, R., Hsu, C., and Sayer, A. (2015). MODIS Atmosphere L2 Aerosol Product. NASA MODIS Adaptive Processing System. Goddard Space Flight Cent. USA."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2059","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-D-14-00110.1","article-title":"NOAA\u2019s HYSPLIT atmospheric transport and dispersion modeling system","volume":"96","author":"Stein","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2017.06.025","article-title":"Real-time Environmental Applications and Display System: Ready","volume":"95","author":"Rolph","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Model. Softw."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"295","article-title":"An overview of HYSPLIT_4 modeling system for trajectories, dispersion and deposition","volume":"47","author":"Draxler","year":"1998","journal-title":"Aust. Meteorol. Mag."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Dousari, A., Doronzo, D., and Ahmed, M. (2017). Types, indications and impact evaluation of sand and dust storms trajectories in the Arabian Gulf. Sustainability, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/su9091526"},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"103","article-title":"Pollution characteristics of water-soluble ions in atmospheric aerosols in China","volume":"8","author":"Cao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"261","article-title":"Seasonal variations of water-soluble inorganic ions in atmospheric particles over Xi\u2019an","volume":"28","author":"Han","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ. Chem."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/15\/3593\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:57:34Z","timestamp":1760140654000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/15\/3593"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,27]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]}},"alternative-id":["rs14153593"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs14153593","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,27]]}}}