{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T09:21:33Z","timestamp":1768814493072,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,27]],"date-time":"2022-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658880000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006338","name":"VLIR-UOS, the Flemish University Council for University Development Cooperation through the ReSider project and the Flemish government funded SAF-ADAPT project","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["000000166183"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["000000166183"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006338","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The LCZ framework has become a widely applied approach to study urban climate. The standard LCZ typology is highly specific when applied to western urban areas but generic in some African cities. We tested the generic nature of the standard typology by taking a two-part approach. First, we applied a single-source WUDAPT-based training input across three urban areas that represent a gradient in South African urbanization (Cape Town, Thohoyandou and East London). Second, we applied a local customized training that accounts for the unique characteristics of the specific area. The LCZ classification was completed using a random forest classifier on a subset of single (SI) and multitemporal (MT) Sentinel 2 imagery. The results show an increase in overall classification accuracy between 17 and 30% for the locally calibrated over the generic standard LCZ framework. The spring season is the best classified of the single-date imagery with the accuracies 7% higher than the least classified season. The multi-date classification accuracy is 13% higher than spring but only 9% higher when a neighborhood function (NF) is applied. For acceptable performance of the LCZ classifier in an African context, the training must be local and customized to the uniqueness of that specific area.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14153594","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,28]],"date-time":"2022-07-28T03:21:16Z","timestamp":1658978476000},"page":"3594","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Sentinel-Based Adaptation of the Local Climate Zones Framework to a South African Context"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5370-2549","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tshilidzi","family":"Manyanya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Forest Nature and Landscape, Department Earth & Environmental Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, BE-3001 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2190-6736","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janne","family":"Teerlinck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Forest Nature and Landscape, Department Earth & Environmental Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, BE-3001 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7875-107X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ben","family":"Somers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Forest Nature and Landscape, Department Earth & Environmental Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, BE-3001 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bruno","family":"Verbist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Forest Nature and Landscape, Department Earth & Environmental Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, BE-3001 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0797-9162","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nthaduleni","family":"Nethengwe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geography and Geo-Information Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Agriculture, University of Venda, Thohoyandou 0950, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1038\/scientificamerican0960-153","article-title":"The origin of cities","volume":"203","author":"Adams","year":"1960","journal-title":"Sci. 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