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This study considered forest roads as pathways and sinks of sediment-loaded runoff to understand the effects of forest roads on the confluence characteristics and sediment connectivity in mountainous a catchment using a scenario simulation. In order to determine the contribution and spatial relationship between sediment connectivity and influencing factors, this study utilized buffer analysis, an extremely randomized tree model, and multiscale geographically weighted regression. The results show that the presence of forest roads significantly changes the transport process and connectivity of runoff and sediment in the mountainous catchment. Specifically, flow length increases, but flow accumulation, upslope contributing area, and topographic index decrease with increasing distance from roads and streams. Meanwhile, the effects of roads on convergence characteristics and sediment connectivity are mainly manifested within a certain threshold that varies with different confluence characteristics. Moreover, sediment connectivity increases when considering roads as pathways and sinks of sediment-loaded runoff, especially on the upper hillslopes intercepted by roads and at the road\u2013stream crossings. In addition, the closer the distance to the roads, the greater the impact of road on the confluence characteristics and sediment connectivity. Change in flow length is the most important factor affecting the sediment connectivity among all of the other convergence, terrain, and spatial distance characteristics. The longer the flow length, the lower the sediment connectivity. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that the altered confluence processes by roads increases the possibility that sediment-loaded runoff will be transported to the catchment outlet, which is of significance for the proper management of forest roads in mountainous catchments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14153603","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,28]],"date-time":"2022-07-28T03:21:16Z","timestamp":1658978476000},"page":"3603","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Response of Sediment Connectivity to Altered Convergence Processes Induced by Forest Roads in Mountainous Watershed"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5280-9264","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qinghe","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Geospatial Technology for the Middle and Lower Yellow River Regions of the Ministry of Education, Henan Dabieshan National Field Observation and Research Station of Forest Ecosystem, College of Geography and Environmental Science, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yaru","family":"Jing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Geospatial Technology for the Middle and Lower Yellow River Regions of the Ministry of Education, Henan Dabieshan National Field Observation and Research Station of Forest Ecosystem, College of Geography and Environmental Science, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"An","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Geospatial Technology for the Middle and Lower Yellow River Regions of the Ministry of Education, Henan Dabieshan National Field Observation and Research Station of Forest Ecosystem, College of Geography and Environmental Science, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zaihui","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Geospatial Technology for the Middle and Lower Yellow River Regions of the Ministry of Education, Henan Dabieshan National Field Observation and Research Station of Forest Ecosystem, College of Geography and Environmental Science, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Geospatial Technology for the Middle and Lower Yellow River Regions of the Ministry of Education, Henan Dabieshan National Field Observation and Research Station of Forest Ecosystem, College of Geography and Environmental Science, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jinhai","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Geospatial Technology for the Middle and Lower Yellow River Regions of the Ministry of Education, Henan Dabieshan National Field Observation and Research Station of Forest Ecosystem, College of Geography and Environmental Science, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guoshun","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Administrative Bureau of Jigongshan National Nature Reserve, Xinyang 464133, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shengyan","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Geospatial Technology for the Middle and Lower Yellow River Regions of the Ministry of Education, Henan Dabieshan National Field Observation and Research Station of Forest Ecosystem, College of Geography and Environmental Science, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2015.08.032","article-title":"The impacts of trail infrastructure on vegetation and soils: Current literature and future directions","volume":"164","author":"Ballantyne","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. 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