{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T14:00:52Z","timestamp":1781013652256,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,28]],"date-time":"2022-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658966400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the joint Ph.D. program of \u201cdouble first rate\u201d construction disciplines of CUMT"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Spatially continuous canopy height is a vital input for modeling forest structures and functioning. The global ecosystem dynamics investigation (GEDI) waveform can penetrate a canopy to precisely find the ground and measure canopy height, but it is spatially discontinuous over the earth\u2019s surface. A common method to achieve wall-to-wall canopy height mapping is to integrate a set of field-measured canopy heights and spectral bands from optical and\/or microwave remote sensing data as ancillary information. However, due partly to the saturation of spectral reflectance to canopy height, the product of this method may misrepresent canopy height. As a result, neither GEDI footprints nor interpolated maps using the common method can accurately produce spatially continuous canopy height maps alone. To address this issue, this study proposes a framework of point-surface fusion for canopy height mapping (FPSF-CH) that uses GEDI data to calibrate the initial wall-to-wall canopy height map derived from a sub-model of FPSF-CH. The effectiveness of the proposed FPSF-CH was validated by comparison to canopy heights derived from (1) a high-resolution canopy height model derived from airborne discrete point cloud lidar across three test sites, (2) a global canopy height product (GDAL RH95), and (3) the results of the FPSF-CH sub-model without fusing with the GEDI canopy height. The results showed that the RMSE and rRMSE of FPSF-CH were 3.82, 4.05, and 3.48 m, and 18.77, 16.24, and 13.81% across the three test sites, respectively. The FPSF-CH achieved improvement over GDAL RH95, with reductions in RMSE values of 1.28, 2.25, and 2.23 m, and reductions in rRMSE values of 6.29, 9.01, and 8.90% across the three test sites, respectively. Additionally, the better performance of the FPSF-CH compared with its sub-model further confirmed the effectiveness of integrating GEDI data for calibrating wall-to-wall canopy height mapping. The proposed FPSF-CH integrates GEDI LiDAR data to provide a new avenue for accurate wall-to-wall canopy height mapping critical to applications, such as estimations of biomass, biodiversity, and carbon stocks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14153618","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,28]],"date-time":"2022-07-28T22:43:26Z","timestamp":1659048206000},"page":"3618","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["A Framework for Improving Wall-to-Wall Canopy Height Mapping by Integrating GEDI LiDAR"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7119-8358","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cangjiao","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education for Mine Ecological Restoration, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"},{"name":"Appalachian Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, 301 Braddock Rd., Frostburg, MD 21532, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9697-9457","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew J.","family":"Elmore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Appalachian Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, 301 Braddock Rd., Frostburg, MD 21532, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8503-8053","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Izaya","family":"Numata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Appalachian Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, 301 Braddock Rd., Frostburg, MD 21532, USA"},{"name":"Geospatial Sciences Center of Excellence, South Dakota State University, 1021 Medary Ave., Wecota Hall Box 506B, Brookings, SD 57007, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark A.","family":"Cochrane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Appalachian Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, 301 Braddock Rd., Frostburg, MD 21532, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaogang","family":"Lei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education for Mine Ecological Restoration, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6579-5954","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher R.","family":"Hakkenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, 1295 Knoles Drive, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuanyuan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education for Mine Ecological Restoration, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yibo","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education for Mine Ecological Restoration, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4422-4762","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education for Mine Ecological Restoration, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, T., Su, Y., Xue, B., Liu, J., Zhao, X., Fang, J., and Guo, Q. 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