{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T13:26:48Z","timestamp":1770816408060,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,29]],"date-time":"2022-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659052800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42174035"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42174035"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42005099"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42005099"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Talent Introduction Plan for the Youth Innovation Team in the Universities of Shandong Province","award":["42174035"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42174035"]}]},{"name":"Talent Introduction Plan for the Youth Innovation Team in the Universities of Shandong Province","award":["42005099"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42005099"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In order to study and forecast extreme weather, a comprehensive and systematic analysis of the spatial and temporal relationship between Precipitable Water Vapor (PWV), predicted by Numerical Weather Predication (NWP) data, and precipitation, is necessary. The goal of this paper was to study the temporal and spatial relationship between PWV and precipitation during the so-called \u2018July 20\u2019 (18\u201321 July 2021) heavy rainstorm in Zhengzhou. Firstly, the PWV data provided by 120 radiosonde stations uniformly distributed throughout the world, and two IGS stations in China, in 2020, was used to evaluate the accuracy of PWV estimation by ERA5 and MERRA-2 data, and the factors affecting the accuracy of NWP PWV were explored. Secondly, ERA5 PWV and the precipitation data of six meteorological stations were used to qualitatively analyze the relationship between PWV and precipitation during the \u2018July 20\u2019 heavy rainstorm in Zhengzhou. Finally, a quantitative study was conducted by an eigenvalue matching method. The main experimental results were as follows. Compared with MERRA-2 PWV, the accuracy of ERA5 PWV was slightly higher. Latitude, altitude and season were the influencing factors of the NWP PWV estimation accuracy. The change trend of ERA5 PWV was consistent with both 24 h cumulative precipitation and surface precipitation during the \u2018July 20\u2019 heavy rainstorm in Zhengzhou. The average optimal matching degree and optimal matching time between NWP PWV and surface precipitation during the \u2018July 20\u2019 heavy rainstorm in Zhengzhou was 56.6% and 3.68 h, respectively. The maximum optimal matching degree was 80.3%. The spatial\u2013temporal relationship between NWP PWV and surface precipitation was strong.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14153636","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]],"date-time":"2022-08-01T04:04:00Z","timestamp":1659326640000},"page":"3636","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Spatial\u2013Temporal Relationship Study between NWP PWV and Precipitation: A Case Study of \u2018July 20\u2019 Heavy Rainstorm in Zhengzhou"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Ying","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geodesy and Geomatics, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 299590, China"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geodesy and Geomatics, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 299590, China"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Meteorological Bureau, Shanghai 200030, China"}]},{"given":"Jin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geodesy and Geomatics, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 299590, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2351-3568","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fangzhao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geodesy and Geomatics, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 299590, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2744-9994","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jianhui","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geodesy and Geomatics, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 299590, China"}]},{"given":"Hongzhan","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geodesy and Geomatics, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 299590, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1160787","article-title":"Atmospheric warming and the amplification of precipitation extremes","volume":"321","author":"Allan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1007\/s00382-003-0310-z","article-title":"A comparison of climate feedbacks in general circulation models","volume":"20","author":"Colman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clim. 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