{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T09:46:58Z","timestamp":1762508818317,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,29]],"date-time":"2022-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659052800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021M702795","Q22D018818","YWZ2022\u201304"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021M702795","Q22D018818","YWZ2022\u201304"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004731","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021M702795","Q22D018818","YWZ2022\u201304"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021M702795","Q22D018818","YWZ2022\u201304"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004731","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Yellow River Delta Land Use Safety Field Scientific Observation and Research Station","award":["2021M702795","Q22D018818","YWZ2022\u201304"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021M702795","Q22D018818","YWZ2022\u201304"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Farmland consolidation (FC) is among the measures to solve farmland issues, such as farmland fragmentation, and its impact on the ecological environment has always been controversial. In terms of long-term series and large-area analysis, the calculation of a large amount of data makes the analysis of the ecological\u2013environmental quality of farmland consolidation very difficult. To solve this problem, our study applied a remote sensing ecological index model on the Google Earth Engine platform to analyze the changes in the ecological\u2013environmental quality in two prefecture-level cities in Liaoning Province over the past 20 years. In addition, we analyzed the impacts of FC projects on the ecological environment from 2006 to 2018 and compared them to farmland without consolidation. The study results show that FC caused negative impacts on the quality of the ecological environment during the FC period (2006\u20132018) and that the FC\u2019s positive effects take time to develop. In each FC phase, the results showed that FC exhibited negative effects before 2010 because the proportion of ecological\u2013environmental quality reductions (0\u201347.67%) was higher than the proportion of increases (9.62\u201346.15%) in those FC phases. Since 2011, the area experiencing positive ecological\u2013environmental benefits (31.96\u201372.01%) enabled by FC is higher than the area of negative impact (2.24\u201318.07%). This seems to be triggered by policy evolution. Based on the trend analysis, the proportion of FC areas with improved ecological\u2013environmental quality grew faster (Gini index decreased 0.09) than that of farmland without consolidation (Gini index decreased 0.05) from before FC to after FC. Moreover, the new FC projects (2011\u20132018) performed better than the early projects (2006\u20132010), which may be due to policy evolution and technological advancements. However, the new FC projects (2011\u20132018) caused a dramatic decrease in ecological\u2013environmental quality in a small number of areas due to the study time constraints. In conclusion, we believe that FC could improve the ecological\u2013environmental quality of farmland, whereas some measures are needed to reduce its temporal negative impact on ecological\u2013environmental quality, which may be caused by human interference. The remote sensing ecological index obtained using the Google Earth Engine platform provided an effective and reliable method for detecting the impacts of FC on the ecological\u2013environmental quality of farmland. This could provide the basis and support for the monitoring of ecological\u2013environmental changes in FC areas at a regional level.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14153646","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]],"date-time":"2022-08-01T04:04:00Z","timestamp":1659326640000},"page":"3646","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["The Spatiotemporal Changes in Ecological\u2013Environmental Quality Caused by Farmland Consolidation Using Google Earth Engine: A Case Study from Liaoning Province in China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Maoxin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Land and Urban-Rural Development, Zhejiang University of Finance and Economics, Hangzhou 310058, China"},{"name":"Institute for Fiscal Big-Data & Policy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"},{"name":"School of Public Affairs, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6889-3333","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tingting","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Affairs, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"}]},{"given":"Cifang","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Affairs, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9580-7119","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guangyu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Land and Urban-Rural Development, Zhejiang University of Finance and Economics, Hangzhou 310058, China"},{"name":"Yellow River Delta Land Use Safety Field Scientific Observation and Research Station, Ministry of Natural Resources, Jinan 256600, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China"},{"name":"Institute of Eight-Eight Strategy, Zhejiang University of Finance and Economics, Hangzhou 310058, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landusepol.2015.01.007","article-title":"Impact of urbanization on cultivated land changes in China","volume":"45","author":"Deng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Land Use Policy"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landusepol.2017.07.001","article-title":"Cultivated land productivity potential improvement in land consolidation schemes in Shenyang, China: Assessment and policy implications","volume":"68","author":"Jiang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Land Use Policy"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landusepol.2015.07.010","article-title":"Local farmland loss and preservation in China\u2014A perspective of quota territorialization","volume":"49","author":"Chien","year":"2015","journal-title":"Land Use Policy"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ntihinyurwa, P.D., and de Vries, W.T. 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