{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T14:54:06Z","timestamp":1767192846259,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,30]],"date-time":"2022-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659139200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41906006","21JCYBJC00500","2018YFD0900704"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41906006","21JCYBJC00500","2018YFD0900704"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Tianjin Natural Science Foundation","award":["41906006","21JCYBJC00500","2018YFD0900704"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41906006","21JCYBJC00500","2018YFD0900704"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["41906006","21JCYBJC00500","2018YFD0900704"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41906006","21JCYBJC00500","2018YFD0900704"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study examines the characteristics, statistics, and mixing effects of internal solitary waves (ISWs) observed in the northern Yellow Sea (YS) during the summers of 2018 and 2019. The mooring stations are located between offshore islands with rough topographic features. Throughout the observation period, the ISWs with vertical displacements of up to 10 m induced prevailing high-frequency (3\u201310 min period) temperature variations. Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images showed that the observed ISWs propagate in zonal directions generated around the islands where internal-tide-generating body force is strong. The estimated ISW propagation speed ranges from 0.16 to 0.25 m s\u22121, which agrees with the Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) model. The ISW intensity exhibits a clear spring-neap cycle corresponding to the local tidal forcing. The constant occurrence of ISWs at low tide suggests an important generation site where the ISWs are tidally generated. The ray-tracing result indicates that this generation site appears to be located at a strait between Dahao and Xiaohao islands. A generalized KdV model successively reproduces the propagation process from the generation site to the mooring station. Following the passage of ISWs, microstructure profiling observations reveal a high turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate (10\u22126 W kg\u22121). The prevalence of ISWs in the study area is believed to play a crucial role in regulating vertical heat and nutrient transport, thereby modulating the biogeochemical cycle.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14153660","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]],"date-time":"2022-08-01T04:04:00Z","timestamp":1659326640000},"page":"3660","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["On Characteristics and Mixing Effects of Internal Solitary Waves in the Northern Yellow Sea as Revealed by Satellite and In Situ Observations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Heping","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Marine Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Marine Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Marine Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"}]},{"given":"Chengfei","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Marine Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"}]},{"given":"Changgen","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China"}]},{"given":"Liang","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.fluid.38.050304.092129","article-title":"Long nonlinear internal waves","volume":"38","author":"Helfrich","year":"2006","journal-title":"Annu. 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