{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T00:56:28Z","timestamp":1760230588574,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]],"date-time":"2022-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659312000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62171475","2021YFC3090402"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62171475","2021YFC3090402"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["62171475","2021YFC3090402"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62171475","2021YFC3090402"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The high-speed movement of a ballistic target will cause folding and translation of the micro-Doppler, which will affect the extraction of micro-motion features. To address the adverse effects of high-speed movement of ballistic targets in midcourse on the extraction of micro-motion features, a novel translational compensation algorithm based on template matching is proposed. Firstly, a 512 \u00d7 512 time-frequency map is obtained by binarization and down-sampling. The matching template then convolves the time-frequency map to obtain contour-like points. Then, the upper and lower contour points are preliminarily determined by the extreme value, and all actual contour points are screened out through structural similarity. Lastly, the upper and lower trend lines are determined and translation parameters for compensation by polynomial fitting are estimated. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm has lower requirements for time-frequency resolution, higher precision and lower time complexity as a whole. Furthermore, it is also applicable to spectral aliasing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14153678","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]],"date-time":"2022-08-01T21:01:24Z","timestamp":1659387684000},"page":"3678","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Translational Compensation Algorithm for Ballistic Targets in Midcourse Based on Template Matching"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Buge","family":"Liang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Automation, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"}]},{"given":"Zhenghong","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Automation, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"}]},{"given":"Degui","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Automation, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0091-3734","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Automation, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4499-154X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Automation, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, V.C. (2014, January 16\u201319). Advances in applications of radar micro-Doppler signatures. Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE Conference on Antenna Measurements Applications (CAMA), Antibes, France.","DOI":"10.1109\/CAMA.2014.7003362"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2006.1603402","article-title":"Micro-Doppler effect in radar: Phenomenon, model, and simulation study","volume":"42","author":"Chen","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst. Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-spr:20070137","article-title":"Doppler signatures of radar backscattering from objects with micro-motions","volume":"2","author":"Chen","year":"2008","journal-title":"IET Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"705","article-title":"Research on the influence of acceleration on micro-Doppler and its compensation","volume":"30","author":"Gao","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Astronaut."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"66","article-title":"Translational motion compensation of ballistic targets in midcourse based on 2D spectral vector","volume":"36","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transducer Microsyst. Technol."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"1550","article-title":"Translational motion compensation and micro-Doppler feature extraction of space spinning targets","volume":"15","author":"Gu","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.21629\/JSEE.2017.01.05","article-title":"Method for compensating translational motion of rotationally symmetric target based on local symmetry cancellation","volume":"28","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Syst. Eng. Electron."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feng, C., Yang, Y., and Tong, N. (2012, January 27\u201330). Macro-motion compensation and micro-Doppler zooming by multi-level delayed and conjugated multiplication. Proceedings of the 2012 Spring Congress on Engineering and Technology, Xi\u2019an, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/SCET.2012.6342019"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.3724\/SP.J.1146.2012.01060","article-title":"A state space method for estimating the translational radial velocity of ballistic targets","volume":"35","author":"Wei","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Electron. Inf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Feng, C., and Dan, X. (2016, January 10\u201313). Micro-Doppler separation for target with rotating parts based on wavelet decomposition. Proceedings of the 2016 CIE International Conference on Radar (RADAR), Guangzhou, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/RADAR.2016.8059346"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, D., Dong, H., Feng, C., and Geng, Z. (2017, January 13\u201316). Translational motion compensation of ballistic target based on radon transform. Proceedings of the 2017 3rd IEEE International Conference on Computer and Communications (ICCC), Chengdu, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/CompComm.2017.8322831"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Y., Li, J., and Liu, F. (2020, January 18\u201319). Ballistic target translation compensation based on corner detection algorithm. Proceedings of the 2021 IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, Xi\u2019an, China.","DOI":"10.1088\/1755-1315\/693\/1\/012099"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"1459","article-title":"Translation compensation and resolution of ballistic target with precession","volume":"45","author":"Han","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Beijing Univ. Aeronaut. Astronaut."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"014","article-title":"Translation compensation of space targets via image quality","volume":"36","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Spacecr. TT C Technol."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"2140","article-title":"A robust translational motion compensation method for ISAR imaging based on keystone transform and fractional Fourier transform under low SNR environment","volume":"53","author":"Dong","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Beijing Univ. Aeronaut. Astronaut."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150701","DOI":"10.7498\/aps.67.20172754","article-title":"Translation compensation and micro-motion parameter estimation of laser micro-Doppler effect","volume":"67","author":"Guo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Phys. Sin. Chin. Ed."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155038","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2947277","article-title":"Translational motion compensation of space micromotion targets using regression network","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aeue.2015.02.011","article-title":"Micro-motion frequency estimation of radar targets with complicated translations","volume":"69","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"AEUE Int. J. Electron. Commun."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/AMM.742.281","article-title":"Translation compensation based on cycle subtracting of micro-Doppler curve","volume":"742","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Mech. Mater."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1109\/MGRS.2021.3113982","article-title":"Motion compensation\/autofocus in airborne synthetic aperture radar: A review","volume":"10","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Mag."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1957","DOI":"10.1007\/s11432-011-4254-3","article-title":"Micro-Doppler characteristics of sliding-type scattering center on rotationally symmetric target","volume":"54","author":"Ma","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sci. China Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.1986.4767851","article-title":"A computational approach to edge detection","volume":"8","author":"Canny","year":"1986","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11191","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2022.3145428","article-title":"Enhanced edge detection using SR-guided threshold maneuvering and window mapping: Handling broken edges and noisy structures in canny edges","volume":"10","author":"Dhillon","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2003.819861","article-title":"Image quality assessment: From error visibility to structural similarity","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Image Process."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1109\/TASSP.1984.1164317","article-title":"Signal estimation from modified short-time Fourier transform","volume":"32","author":"Griffin","year":"1984","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Acoust. Speech Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Moss, J.C., Adamopoulos, P.G., and Hammond, J.K. (1989, January 8\u201311). Time-frequency distributions: A modification applied to the pseudo-Wigner-Ville distribution and the spectrogram. Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems, Portland, OR, USA."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.2478\/v10178-010-0032-6","article-title":"Gabor transform, SPWVD, Gabor-Wigner transform and wavelet transform\u2014tools for power quality monitoring","volume":"17","author":"Szmajda","year":"2010","journal-title":"Metrol. Meas. Syst."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/15\/3678\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:00:42Z","timestamp":1760140842000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/15\/3678"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]}},"alternative-id":["rs14153678"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs14153678","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]]}}}