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A series of sensitivity experiments were conducted with the Efficient Modular VOlume RADar Operator (EMVORADO), using the operational data assimilation system of the Deutscher Wetterdienst (DWD, German Weather Service). The investigated FEs are versatile, including errors caused by neglecting the terminal fall speed of hydrometeor, the reflectivity weighting, and the beam broadening and attenuation effects, as well as errors caused by different scattering schemes and formulations for melting particles. For reflectivity, it is found that accounting for the beam broadening effect evidently reduces the standard deviations, especially at higher altitudes. However, it does not shorten the horizontal or along-beam correlation length scales. In comparison between the Rayleigh and the Mie schemes (with specific configurations), the former one results in much smaller standard deviations for heights up to 4 km, and aloft, slightly larger standard deviations. Imposing the attenuation to the Mie scheme slightly reduces the standard deviations at lower altitudes; however, it largely increases the standard deviations at higher altitudes and it also leads to longer correlation length scales. For radial wind, positive impacts of considering the beam broadening effect on standard deviations and neutral impacts on correlations are observed. For both reflectivity and radial wind, taking the terminal fall speed of hydrometeor and the reflectivity weighting into account does not make remarkable differences in the estimated OE statistics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14153685","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]],"date-time":"2022-08-01T21:01:24Z","timestamp":1659387684000},"page":"3685","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Study on Sensitivity of Observation Error Statistics of Doppler Radars to the Radar forward Operator in Convective-Scale Data Assimilation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Yuefei","family":"Zeng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Typhoon Institute, China Meteorological Administration, Shanghai 200030, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuxuan","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Meteorological Observatory, Jiangsu Meteorological Bureau, Nanjing 210008, China"},{"name":"Meteorologisches Institut, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t (LMU) M\u00fcnchen, 80333 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ulrich","family":"Blahak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Deutscher Wetterdienst, 63067 Offenbach, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"de Lozar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Deutscher Wetterdienst, 63067 Offenbach, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jingyao","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Typhoon Institute, China Meteorological Administration, Shanghai 200030, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jinzhong","family":"Min","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2298","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.2298","article-title":"Doppler radar radial wind assimilation using an hourly cycling 3D-Var with a 1.5 km resolution version of the Met Office Unified Model for nowcasting","volume":"140","author":"Simonin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Q. 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