{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T14:53:31Z","timestamp":1775141611781,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]],"date-time":"2022-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659312000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Italian regional, municipal and local authorities"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The potentialities of the use of the UAV survey as a base for the generation of the context mesh are illustrated through the experiments on the case study, the Crotone Fortress, proposing a systematic general methodology and two procedural workflows for the importation of the triangulated model, maintaining its real geographical coordinates, in the Autodesk Revit environment through a Dynamo Visual Programming script [VPL]. First, the texturisation of the mesh of the urban context was experimented with, using the real-sized photogrammetric orthoimage as Revit material; therefore, the reproduction of the discretised detailed areas of the urban context was tested. They were imported via Dynamo by reading the coordinates of the vertices of every single face that constitutes the triangulated model and associating to each of them the corresponding real colorimetric data. Starting from the georeferenced context of the photogrammetric mesh, nine federated BIM models were produced: the general context models, the detailed models and the architectural model of the fortress.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14153688","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]],"date-time":"2022-08-01T21:01:24Z","timestamp":1659387684000},"page":"3688","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["An HBIM Methodology for the Accurate and Georeferenced Reconstruction of Urban Contexts Surveyed by UAV: The Case of the Castle of Charles V"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9772-1426","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Sanseverino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy"},{"name":"E.T.S.I. de Caminos, Canales y Puertos, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 13001 Ciudad Real, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Messina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6755-7928","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Limongiello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9330-0680","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caterina Gabriella","family":"Guida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Solari, G., Chen, S.-H., di Prisco, M., and Vayas, I. (2020). Photogrammetric Survey for the Recording and Documentation of Historic Buildings, Springer. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rashdi, R., Mart\u00ednez-S\u00e1nchez, J., Arias, P., and Qiu, Z. (2022). Scanning Technologies to Building Information Modelling: A Review. Infrastructures, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/infrastructures7040049"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.5194\/isprs-archives-XLII-2-W5-97-2017","article-title":"HBIM Challenge among the Paradigm of Complexity, Tools and Preservation: The Basilica Di Collemaggio 8 Years after the Earthquake (L\u2019Aquila)","volume":"42","author":"Brumana","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci.-ISPRS Arch."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.3390\/heritage3010004","article-title":"A Scan-to-BIM Methodology Applied to Heritage Buildings","volume":"3","author":"Rocha","year":"2020","journal-title":"Heritage"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"1","article-title":"Scan-to-BIM Methodology Adapted for Different Application","volume":"42","author":"Badenko","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci.-ISPRS Arch."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.5194\/isprs-annals-VIII-M-1-2021-155-2021","article-title":"3D Surveying, Semantic Enrichment and Virtual Access of Large Cultural Heritage","volume":"8","author":"Teruggi","year":"2021","journal-title":"ISPRS Ann. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grilli, E., and Remondino, F. (2019). Classification of 3D Digital Heritage. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11070847"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2014.02.013","article-title":"Unmanned Aerial Systems for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing: A Review","volume":"92","author":"Colomina","year":"2014","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"183","article-title":"Central Command Architecture for High-Order Autonomous Unmanned Aerial Systems","volume":"6","author":"Silverberg","year":"2014","journal-title":"Intell. Inf. Manag."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.4236\/pos.2011.23012","article-title":"Unmanned Airborne Magnetic and VLF Investigations: Effective Geophysical Methodology for the Near Future","volume":"2","author":"Eppelbaum","year":"2011","journal-title":"Positioning"},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Hadjimitsis, D.G., Agapiou, A., Themistocleous, K., Alexakis, D.D., and Sarris, A. (2012). Remote sensing applications in archaeological research. Remote Sensing-Applications, InTech."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.5194\/isprs-archives-XLII-2-W11-179-2019","article-title":"Comparison of UAVs Performance for a Roman Anphitheatre Survey: The Case of Avella (Italy)","volume":"42","author":"Barba","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.5194\/isprs-archives-XLII-2-W5-237-2017","article-title":"UAV Photogrammetric Workflows: A Best Practice Guideline","volume":"42","author":"Federman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.5194\/isprsarchives-XXXVIII-1-C22-25-2011","article-title":"UAV Photogrammetry for Mapping and 3D Modeling\u2014Current Status and Future Perspectives","volume":"38","author":"Remondino","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adamopoulos, E., and Rinaudo, F. (2020). UAS-Based Archaeological Remote Sensing: Review, Meta-Analysis and State-of-the-Art. Drones, 4.","DOI":"10.3390\/drones4030046"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.5194\/isprsannals-II-5-W1-49-2013","article-title":"Combined Geometric and Thermal Analysis from UAV Platforms for Archaeological Heritage Documentation","volume":"5","author":"Brumana","year":"2013","journal-title":"ISPRS Ann. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"758","article-title":"UAV vs. Classical Aerial Photogrammetry for Archaeological Studies","volume":"14","author":"Nikolakopoulos","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Archaeol. Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.5194\/isprsannals-II-5-57-2014","article-title":"True-Orthophoto Generation from UAV Images: Implementation of a Combined Photogrammetric and Computer Vision Approach","volume":"2","author":"Barazzetti","year":"2014","journal-title":"ISPRS Ann. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2012.06.014","article-title":"Rock Bench: Establishing a Common Repository and Standards for Assessing Rockmass Characteristics Using LiDAR and Photogrammetry","volume":"50","author":"Lato","year":"2013","journal-title":"Comput. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.5194\/isprs-archives-XLII-2-W3-9-2017","article-title":"Integration of Point Clouds Dataset from Different Sensors","volume":"42","author":"Abdullah","year":"2017","journal-title":"ISPRS-Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103576","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2021.103576","article-title":"Automatic Segmentation and Classification of BIM Elements from Point Clouds","volume":"124","author":"Arranz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Geyter, S., Vermandere, J., de Winter, H., Bassier, M., and Vergauwen, M. (2022). Point Cloud Validation: On the Impact of Laser Scanning Technologies on the Semantic Segmentation for BIM Modeling and Evaluation. Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14030582"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"H\u00fcbner, P., Clintworth, K., Liu, Q., Weinmann, M., and Wursthorn, S. (2020). Evaluation of HoloLens Tracking and Depth Sensing for Indoor Mapping Applications. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20041021"},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"BIM Forum (2022, January 30). Level of Development (LOD) Specification Part I & Commentary for Building Information Models, Available online: https:\/\/bimforum.org\/lod\/."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Technical Commuttees UNI\/CT033, UNI\/CT033\/SC05 (2022, February 21). Edilizia e Opere Di Ingegneria Civile-Gestione Digitale Dei Processi Informativi Delle Costruzioni\u2014Parte 4: Evoluzione e Sviluppo Informativo Di Modelli, Elaborati e Oggetti; UNI 11337-4:2017; Italy, 2017. Available online: https:\/\/store.uni.com\/uni-11337-4-2017."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108781","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2022.108781","article-title":"Automatic Generation of Architecture Facade for Historical Urban Renovation Using Generative Adversarial Network","volume":"212","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, Z., Xie, J., Zhang, Y., and Cao, Y. (2019). As-Built BIM for a Fifteenth-Century Chinese Brick Structure at Various LoDs. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi8120577"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, X., Lu, Y.C., Murtiyoso, A., Koehl, M., and Grussenmeyer, P. (2019). HBIM Modeling from the Surface Mesh and Its Extended Capability of Knowledge Representation. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi8070301"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1111\/phor.12122","article-title":"Creation of Parametric BIM Objects from Point Clouds Using NURBS","volume":"30","author":"Barazzetti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Photogramm. Rec."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"429","article-title":"From Point Cloud to BIM: A Modelling Challenge in the Cultural Heritage Field","volume":"41","author":"Tommasi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci.-ISPRS Arch. Int. Soc. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jia, S., Liao, Y., Xiao, Y., Zhang, B., Meng, X., and Qin, K. (2022). Methods of Conserving and Managing Cultural Heritage in Classical Chinese Royal Gardens Based on 3D Digitalization. Sustainability, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/su14074108"},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"185","article-title":"Current State of the Art Historic Building Information Modelling","volume":"42","author":"Dore","year":"2017","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci.-ISPRS Arch. Int. Soc. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2012.11.006","article-title":"Historic Building Information Modelling\u2014Adding Intelligence to Laser and Image Based Surveys of European Classical Architecture","volume":"76","author":"Murphy","year":"2013","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"143","article-title":"An IoT-based system for expert user supporting to monitor, manage and protect cultural heritage buildings","volume":"Volume 1030","author":"Nedjah","year":"2022","journal-title":"Robotics and AI for Cybersecurity and Critical Infrastructure in Smart Cities. Studies in Computational Intelligence"},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"109","article-title":"Image-Based Elaborations to Improve the HBIM Level of Development","volume":"8","author":"Ferreyra","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dn. Build. Inf. Modeling Data Semant."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.5194\/isprs-annals-III-5-51-2016","article-title":"BIM from Laser Scans\u2026 Not Just for Buildings: NURBS-Based Parametric Modeling of a Medieval Bridge","volume":"3","author":"Barazzetti","year":"2016","journal-title":"ISPRS Ann. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.5194\/isprs-archives-XLVI-2-W1-2022-9-2022","article-title":"A Procedure to Import a Complex Geometry Model of a Heritage Building into BIM for Advanced Architectural Representations","volume":"46","author":"Acosta","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"5.1","article-title":"Urban Modeling Experiences for the Representation of the Historical City in Holy Land","volume":"11","author":"Parrinello","year":"2018","journal-title":"DisegnareCON"},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"(2022, February 21). ACCA Software Edificius. Available online: https:\/\/www.acca.it\/software-progettazione-edilizia."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barrile, V., Bernardo, E., and Bilotta, G. (2022). An Experimental HBIM Processing: Innovative Tool for 3D Model Reconstruction of Morpho-Typological Phases for the Cultural Heritage. Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14051288"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.5194\/isprs-archives-XLII-2-W5-229-2017","article-title":"BIM System for the Conservation and Preservation of the Mosaics of San Marco in Venice","volume":"42","author":"Fassi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci. ISPRS Arch."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"(2022, February 21). Autodesk Revit Software. Available online: https:\/\/www.autodesk.com\/products\/revit\/architecture."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"(2022, February 21). Autodesk ReCap Pro. Available online: https:\/\/www.autodesk.it\/products\/recap\/overview?term=1-YEAR&tab=subscription."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"(2022, February 21). MeshLab 2021.10. Available online: https:\/\/www.meshlab.net\/#download."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"(2022, February 21). Dynamo for Revit. Available online: https:\/\/dynamobim.org\/."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"(2022, February 21). Agisoft Metashape Professional. Available online: https:\/\/www.agisoft.com\/."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Farella, E.M., Morelli, L., Rigon, S., Grilli, E., and Remondino, F. (2022). Analysing Key Steps of the Photogrammetric Pipeline for Museum Artefacts 3D Digitisation. Sustainability, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/su14095740"},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Adobe\u00ae (2022, February 21). Using Image Modes and Color Tables. Available online: https:\/\/adobe.ly\/3BjeSmj."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barba, S., Barbarella, M., di Benedetto, A., Fiani, M., Gujski, L., and Limongiello, M. (2019). Accuracy Assessment of 3D Photogrammetric Models from an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle. Drones, 3.","DOI":"10.3390\/drones3040079"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/15\/3688\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:00:57Z","timestamp":1760140857000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/15\/3688"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]}},"alternative-id":["rs14153688"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs14153688","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]]}}}