{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T23:06:58Z","timestamp":1781910418669,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,6]],"date-time":"2022-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659744000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Environment and Climate Change Canada"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Wetlands provide many benefits, such as water storage, flood control, transformation and retention of chemicals, and habitat for many species of plants and animals. The ongoing degradation of wetlands in the Great Lakes basin has been caused by a number of factors, including climate change, urbanization, and agriculture. Mapping and monitoring wetlands across such large spatial and temporal scales have proved challenging; however, recent advancements in the accessibility and processing efficiency of remotely sensed imagery have facilitated these applications. In this study, the historical Landsat archive was first employed in Google Earth Engine (GEE) to classify wetlands (i.e., Bog, Fen, Swamp, Marsh) and non-wetlands (i.e., Open Water, Barren, Forest, Grassland\/Shrubland, Cropland) throughout the entire Great Lakes basin over the past four decades. To this end, an object-based supervised Random Forest (RF) model was developed. All of the produced wetland maps had overall accuracies exceeding 84%, indicating the high capability of the developed classification model for wetland mapping. Changes in wetlands were subsequently assessed for 17 time intervals. It was observed that approximately 16% of the study area has changed since 1984, with the highest increase occurring in the Cropland class and the highest decrease occurring in the Forest and Marsh classes. Forest mostly transitioned to Fen, but was also observed to transition to Cropland, Marsh, and Swamp. A considerable amount of the Marsh class was also converted into Cropland.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14153778","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,9]],"date-time":"2022-08-09T04:16:55Z","timestamp":1660018615000},"page":"3778","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Forty Years of Wetland Status and Trends Analyses in the Great Lakes Using Landsat Archive Imagery and Google Earth Engine"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9495-4010","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meisam","family":"Amani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Wood Environment and Infrastructure Solutions, Ottawa, ON K2E 7L5, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2318-8216","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad","family":"Kakooei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Chalmers University of Technology, R\u00e4nnv\u00e4gen 6, 41258 Gothenburg, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8406-683X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arsalan","family":"Ghorbanian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Faculty of Geodesy and Geomatics Engineering, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran 19967-15433, Iran"},{"name":"Department of Technology and Society, Faculty of Engineering, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Warren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wood Environment and Infrastructure Solutions, Edmonton, AB T6B 3P6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sahel","family":"Mahdavi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wood Environment and Infrastructure Solutions, Ottawa, ON K2E 7L5, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Brisco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Canada Center for Mapping and Earth Observation, Ottawa, ON K1S 5K2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Armin","family":"Moghimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Photogrammetry and GeoInformation (IPI), Leibniz Universit\u00e4t Hannover (LUH), 30167 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7127-279X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Bourgeau-Chavez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Michigan Tech Research Institute, Michigan Technological University, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Souleymane","family":"Toure","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environment and Climate Change Canada, Gatineau, QC K1A 0H3, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ambika","family":"Paudel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environment and Climate Change Canada, Gatineau, QC K1A 0H3, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ablajan","family":"Sulaiman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environment and Climate Change Canada, Gatineau, QC K1A 0H3, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Post","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environment and Climate Change Canada, Gatineau, QC K1A 0H3, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1080\/15481603.2017.1419602","article-title":"Remote sensing for wetland classification: A comprehensive review","volume":"55","author":"Mahdavi","year":"2018","journal-title":"GISci. 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