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Coastal Research from the East China Normal University","award":["42041005-4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42041005-4"]}]},{"name":"Open Research Fund of the State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research from the East China Normal University","award":["2017YFE0133500"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017YFE0133500"]}]},{"name":"Open Research Fund of the State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research from the East China Normal University","award":["SKLGED2021-5-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SKLGED2021-5-2"]}]},{"name":"Open Research Fund of the State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research from the East China Normal University","award":["SKLEC-KF202002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SKLEC-KF202002"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Turbidity maximum zone (TMZ) plays a crucial role in estuarine ecosystems, exerting effects on erosion, environment evolution and socioeconomic activities in the coastal area. However, the long-term understanding of the TMZ in large river estuary such as the Yellow River estuary is still lacking. In this study, we focus on the TMZ distribution, variation and regulation mechanisms in the Yellow River estuary from different time scales. Based on time series Landsat images during the period 1984 to 2021 and Google Earth Engine (GEE), we proposed a TMZ extracting method in the Yellow River estuary to generate 322 TMZ maps. The overall accuracy of our algorithm reached 97.4%. The results show that there are clear decadal and seasonal TMZ variations during the 38-year period in the Yellow River estuary. Morphology, currents and wind speeds combined with seawater stratification have direct effects on TMZ at different time scales, while the direct impacts of tides and fluvial output of the Yellow River on TMZ are limited. In this article, the highly robust method provides a cost-effective alternative to accurately map the TMZ in global large river estuaries and systematically reveals the spatiotemporal evolution of TMZ, shedding light on the response mechanism of coastal geomorphology, marine ecological environment and biogeochemical cycle.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14153782","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,9]],"date-time":"2022-08-09T04:16:55Z","timestamp":1660018615000},"page":"3782","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Mapping Dynamic Turbidity Maximum Zone of the Yellow River Estuary from 38 Years of Landsat Imagery"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Maoxiang","family":"Chang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Submarine Geosciences and Prospecting Technology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Estuarine and Coastal Zone, College of Marine Geosciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China"},{"name":"Laboratory of Marine Geology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266061, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0707-4999","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Submarine Geosciences and Prospecting Technology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Estuarine and Coastal Zone, College of Marine Geosciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China"},{"name":"Laboratory of Marine Geology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266061, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Geodesy and Earth\u2019s Dynamics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430077, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System (FDOMES), Key Laboratory of Physical Oceanography, Institute for Advanced Ocean Studies, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6409-0592","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Houjie","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Submarine Geosciences and Prospecting Technology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Estuarine and Coastal Zone, College of Marine Geosciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China"},{"name":"Laboratory of Marine Geology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266061, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8054-7449","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhenhong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geological Engineering and Geomatics, Chang\u2019an University, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2020JC016273","DOI":"10.1029\/2020JC016273","article-title":"Multidecadal Evolution of the Turbidity Maximum Zone in a Macrotidal River Under Climate and Anthropogenic Pressures","volume":"126","author":"Dijkstra","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. 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