{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T07:58:22Z","timestamp":1777622302670,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,8]],"date-time":"2022-08-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659916800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"ITALian RADioactivity project (ITALRAD) of the National Institute of Nuclear Physics (INFN)","award":["C66B20001120008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C66B20001120008"]}]},{"name":"ITALian RADioactivity project (ITALRAD) of the National Institute of Nuclear Physics (INFN)","award":["B46C18000750005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B46C18000750005"]}]},{"name":"TOMato for baby food: Monitoring heavY metal in production chain","award":["C66B20001120008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C66B20001120008"]}]},{"name":"TOMato for baby food: Monitoring heavY metal in production chain","award":["B46C18000750005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B46C18000750005"]}]},{"name":"Monitoraggio degli sversamenti illegali attraverso l\u2019impiego sinergico di tecnologie avanzate\u2013C4E","award":["C66B20001120008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C66B20001120008"]}]},{"name":"Monitoraggio degli sversamenti illegali attraverso l\u2019impiego sinergico di tecnologie avanzate\u2013C4E","award":["B46C18000750005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B46C18000750005"]}]},{"name":"University of Ferrara","award":["C66B20001120008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C66B20001120008"]}]},{"name":"University of Ferrara","award":["B46C18000750005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B46C18000750005"]}]},{"name":"GEOexplorer Impresa Sociale s.r.l.","award":["C66B20001120008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C66B20001120008"]}]},{"name":"GEOexplorer Impresa Sociale s.r.l.","award":["B46C18000750005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B46C18000750005"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Soil texture is key information in agriculture for improving soil knowledge and crop performance, so the accurate mapping of this crucial feature is imperative for rationally planning cultivations and for targeting interventions. We studied the relationship between radioelements and soil texture in the Mezzano Lowland (Italy), a 189 km2 agricultural plain investigated through a dedicated airborne gamma-ray spectroscopy survey. The K and Th abundances were used to retrieve the clay and sand content by means of a multi-approach method. Linear (simple and multiple) and non-linear (machine learning algorithms with deep neural networks) predictive models were trained and tested adopting a 1:50,000 scale soil texture map. The comparison of these approaches highlighted that the non-linear model introduces significant improvements in the prediction of soil texture fractions. The predicted maps of the clay and of the sand content were compared with the regional soil maps. Although the macro-structures were equally present, the airborne gamma-ray data permits us shedding light on finer features. Map areas with higher clay content were coincident with paleo-channels crossing the Mezzano Lowland in Etruscan and Roman periods, confirmed by the hydrographic setting of historical maps and by the geo-morphological features of the study area.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14153814","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,9]],"date-time":"2022-08-09T04:16:55Z","timestamp":1660018615000},"page":"3814","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Airborne Radiometric Surveys and Machine Learning Algorithms for Revealing Soil Texture"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3659-5803","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Maino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and Earth Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44122 Ferrara, Italy"},{"name":"INFN Ferrara Section, 44122 Ferrara, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9150-8798","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matteo","family":"Alberi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and Earth Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44122 Ferrara, Italy"},{"name":"INFN Ferrara Section, 44122 Ferrara, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emiliano","family":"Anceschi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gruppo Filippetti Sede Falconara Marittima, 60015 Falconara Marittima, Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Enrico","family":"Chiarelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and Earth Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44122 Ferrara, Italy"},{"name":"INFN Ferrara Section, 44122 Ferrara, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0671-4237","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca","family":"Cicala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIRA, Italian Aerospace Research Centre, 81043 Capua, Caserta, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7363-8078","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tommaso","family":"Colonna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GeoExplorer Impresa Sociale s.r.l., 52100 Arezzo, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5330-6941","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario","family":"De Cesare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIRA, Italian Aerospace Research Centre, 81043 Capua, Caserta, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Mathematics and Physics, University of Campania \u201cLuigi Vanvitelli\u201d, 81100 Caserta, Italy"},{"name":"INFN Napoli Section, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo, 80126 Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5756-3539","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enrico","family":"Guastaldi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GeoExplorer Impresa Sociale s.r.l., 52100 Arezzo, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicola","family":"Lopane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and Earth Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44122 Ferrara, Italy"},{"name":"GeoExplorer Impresa Sociale s.r.l., 52100 Arezzo, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1200-0174","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabio","family":"Mantovani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and Earth Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44122 Ferrara, Italy"},{"name":"INFN Ferrara Section, 44122 Ferrara, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maurizio","family":"Marcialis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Corso Giuseppe Garibaldi 119, Comacchio, 44022 Ferrara, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicola","family":"Martini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Le Due Valli s.r.l., Ostellato, 44020 Ferrara, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michele","family":"Montuschi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and Earth Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44122 Ferrara, Italy"},{"name":"INFN Ferrara Section, 44122 Ferrara, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Piccioli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Le Due Valli s.r.l., Ostellato, 44020 Ferrara, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0232-9120","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kassandra Giulia Cristina","family":"Raptis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and Earth Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44122 Ferrara, Italy"},{"name":"INFN Ferrara Section, 44122 Ferrara, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Russo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gruppo Filippetti Sede Falconara Marittima, 60015 Falconara Marittima, Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Filippo","family":"Semenza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and Earth Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44122 Ferrara, Italy"},{"name":"INFN Ferrara Section, 44122 Ferrara, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7271-5353","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Virginia","family":"Strati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and Earth Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44122 Ferrara, Italy"},{"name":"INFN Ferrara Section, 44122 Ferrara, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"FAO (2015). 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