{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]],"date-time":"2025-11-18T09:29:20Z","timestamp":1763458160967,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,8]],"date-time":"2022-08-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659916800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021YFB3900400","U2142212"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFB3900400","U2142212"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021YFB3900400","U2142212"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFB3900400","U2142212"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>For many years, the Advanced Very High-Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) instruments have been widely used to monitor the condition of surface vegetation. Since the polar-orbiting satellite provides limited daily samples on surface, a completed spatial coverage of land vegetation is often relied on over multiple days of observations. In this study, observations from the Japanese geostationary satellite imager Advanced Himawari Imagers (AHI) are used to derive the surface vegetation index. The AHI reflectance at visible and near-infrared bands are first corrected to the surface reflectance by using the 6S radiative transfer model. The AHI surface reflectance from various viewing angles and solar geometry is further normalized to form an angular-independent reflectance by using a BRDF model. Finally, the surface vegetation index is calculated and synthesized from the daytime AHI data. It is found that the high-frequency AHI observations can significantly reduce the impact of clouds on compositing land NDVI and require a shorter time for a complete coverage of surface conditions. Also, a single NDVI image from AHI exhibits spatial distribution similar to that from 16 days of MODIS data.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14153817","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,9]],"date-time":"2022-08-09T04:16:55Z","timestamp":1660018615000},"page":"3817","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Monitoring Land Vegetation from Geostationary Satellite Advanced Himawari Imager (AHI)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Shengqi","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Atmospheric Physics, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"},{"name":"CMA Earth System Modeling and Prediction Centre, Beijing 100081, China"}]},{"given":"Xiuzhen","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Satellite Meteorological Center, Beijing 100081, China"}]},{"given":"Fuzhong","family":"Weng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CMA Earth System Modeling and Prediction Centre, Beijing 100081, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(1998). Analysis of the Vegetation Cover Change and the Relationship between NDVI and Environmental Factors by Using NOAA Time Series Data. J. Remote Sens., 266, 153."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(02)00096-2","article-title":"Overview of the radiometric and biophysical performance of the MODIS vegetation indices","volume":"83","author":"Huete","year":"2002","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1787","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2005.860205","article-title":"Evaluation of the consistency of long-term NDVI time series derived from AVHRR, SPOT-vegetation, SeaWiFS, MODIS, and Landsat ETM+ sensors","volume":"44","author":"Brown","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Deering, D.W. (1978). Rangeland Reflectance Characteristics Measured by Aircraft and Spacecraft Sensors. [Ph.D. Dissertation, Texas A&M Universtiy]."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1007\/s40333-017-0016-4","article-title":"Spatial and temporal variations of vegetation cover and the relationships with climate factors in Inner Mongolia based on GIMMS NDVI3g data","volume":"9","author":"Tong","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Arid. Land"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2004.04.009","article-title":"Evaluation of MODIS LAI, fAPAR and the relation between fAPAR and NDVI in a semi-arid environment using in situ measurements","volume":"91","author":"Fensholt","year":"2004","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12301","DOI":"10.1002\/2013JD020439","article-title":"An initial assessment of Suomi NPP VIIRS vegetation index EDR","volume":"118","author":"Vargas","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2017.1395970","article-title":"Transitioning from MODIS to VIIRS: An analysis of inter-consistency of NDVI data sets for agricultural monitoring","volume":"39","author":"Skakun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"045004","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JRS.12.045004","article-title":"Assessment of cross-sensor vegetation index compatibility between VIIRS and MODIS using near-coincident observations","volume":"12","author":"Miura","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Appl. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2006.06.018","article-title":"Land-cover characterization and change detection using multitemporal MODIS NDVI data","volume":"105","author":"Lunetta","year":"2009","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.2151\/jmsj.2016-009","article-title":"An Introduction to Himawari-8\/9\u2014Japan\u2019s New-Generation Geostationary Meteorological Satellites","volume":"94","author":"Bessho","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn. Ser. II"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2385310","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/2385310","article-title":"Estimation of Summer Air Temperature over China Using Himawari-8 AHI and Numerical Weather Prediction Data","volume":"2019","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Wang, J., Jiao, Z., Feng, G., Xie, L., Yan, G., Xiang, Y., Liang, S., and Li, S. (2003, January 21\u201325). Validation of MODIS Albedo Product by Using Field Measurements and Airborne Multi-Angular Remote Sensing Observations. Proceedings of the 2003 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. Proceedings (IEEE Cat. No.03CH37477), Toulouse, France."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2018.02.001","article-title":"Capturing rapid land surface dynamics with Collection V006 MODIS BRDF\/NBAR\/Albedo (MCD43) products","volume":"207","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160802398064","article-title":"Temporally smoothed and gap-filled MODIS land products for carbon modelling: Application of the fPAR product","volume":"30","author":"Nightingale","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1109\/36.581987","article-title":"Second simulation of the satellite signal in the solar spectrum, 6S: An overview","volume":"35","author":"Vermote","year":"1997","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(95)00018-V","article-title":"Extraction of vegetation biophysical parameters by inversion of the PROSPECT + SAIL models on sugar beet canopy reflectance data","volume":"52","author":"Jacquemoud","year":"1995","journal-title":"Appl. TM AVIRIS Sens. Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(90)90100-Z","article-title":"PROSPECT: A model of leaf optical properties spectra","volume":"34","author":"Jacquemoud","year":"1990","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20455","DOI":"10.1029\/92JD01411","article-title":"A bidirectional reflectance model of the Earth\u2019s surface for the correction of remote sensing data","volume":"972","author":"Roujean","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1109\/36.134078","article-title":"Geometric-optical bidirectional reflectance modeling of the discrete crown vegetation canopy: Effect of crown shape and mutual shadowing","volume":"30","author":"Li","year":"1992","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Verstraete, M.M., Menenti, M., and Peltoniemi, J. (2000). Remote Sensing of Albedo Using the BRDF in Relation to Land Surface Properties. Observing Land from Space: Science, Customers and Technology, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/0-306-48124-3"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29529","DOI":"10.1029\/97JD01215","article-title":"Estimating spectral albedo and nadir reflectance through inversion of simple BRDF models with AVHRR\/MODIS-like data","volume":"102","author":"Privette","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wanner, W., Strahler, A.H., Hu, B., Lewis, P., Muller, J.-P., Li, X., Barker Schaaf, C.L., and Barnsley, M.J. (1997). Global retrieval of bidirectional reflectance and albedo over land from EOS MODIS and MISR data: Theory and algorithm. Passive Remote Sensing of Tropospheric Aerosol and Atmospheric Corrections From the New Generation of Satellite Sensors, American Geophysical Union.","DOI":"10.1029\/96JD03295"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/15\/3817\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:05:38Z","timestamp":1760141138000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/15\/3817"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,8]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]}},"alternative-id":["rs14153817"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs14153817","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,8]]}}}