{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T00:59:30Z","timestamp":1760230770882,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,8]],"date-time":"2022-08-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659916800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012190","name":"Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FMWE-2021-0001","18-17-00156","19-55-80004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FMWE-2021-0001","18-17-00156","19-55-80004"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012190","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006769","name":"Russian Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FMWE-2021-0001","18-17-00156","19-55-80004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FMWE-2021-0001","18-17-00156","19-55-80004"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006769","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002261","name":"Russian Foundation for Basic Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FMWE-2021-0001","18-17-00156","19-55-80004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FMWE-2021-0001","18-17-00156","19-55-80004"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002261","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The interfaces between small river plumes and ambient seawater have extremely sharp horizontal and vertical salinity gradients, often accompanied by velocity shear. It results in formation of instabilities at the lateral borders of small plumes. In this study, we use high-resolution aerial remote sensing supported by in situ measurements to study these instabilities. We describe their spatial and temporal characteristics and then reconstruct their relation to density gradient and velocity shear. We report that Rayleigh\u2013Taylor instabilities, with spatial scales ~5\u201350 m, are common features of the sharp plume-sea interfaces and their sizes are proportional to the Atwood number determined by the cross-shore density gradient. Kelvin\u2013Helmholtz instabilities have a smaller size (~3\u20137 m) and are formed at the plume border in case of velocity shear &gt;20\u201330 cm\/s. Both instabilities induce mass transport across the plume-sea interfaces, which modifies salinity structure of the plume borders and induces lateral mixing of small river plumes. In addition, aerial observations revealed wind-driven Stokes transport across the sharp plume-sea interface, which occurs in the shallow (~2\u20133 cm) surface layer. This process limitedly affects salinity structure and mixing at the plume border, however, it could be an important issue for the spread of river-borne floating particles in the ocean.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14153818","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,9]],"date-time":"2022-08-09T04:16:55Z","timestamp":1660018615000},"page":"3818","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Lateral Border of a Small River Plume: Salinity Structure, Instabilities and Mass Transport"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6659-0934","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander","family":"Osadchiev","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Nakhimovskiy Prospect 36, 117997 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Institusky Lane 9, 141701 Dolgoprudny, Russia"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Gordey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Nakhimovskiy Prospect 36, 117997 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Institusky Lane 9, 141701 Dolgoprudny, Russia"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Barymova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Research Center at Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1, 119992 Moscow, Russia"}]},{"given":"Roman","family":"Sedakov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Nakhimovskiy Prospect 36, 117997 Moscow, Russia"}]},{"given":"Vladimir","family":"Rogozhin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Nakhimovskiy Prospect 36, 117997 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Marine Research Center at Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1, 119992 Moscow, Russia"}]},{"given":"Roman","family":"Zhiba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Ecology, Academy of Sciences of Abkhazia, Krasnomayatskaya Str. 67, 384900 Sukhum, Abkhazia"}]},{"given":"Roman","family":"Dbar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Ecology, Academy of Sciences of Abkhazia, Krasnomayatskaya Str. 67, 384900 Sukhum, Abkhazia"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1134\/S0001437014040079","article-title":"Synoptic variability of currents in the coastal waters of Sochi","volume":"54","author":"Korotkina","year":"2014","journal-title":"Oceanology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Osadchiev, A.A., Barymova, A.A., Sedakov, R.O., Zhiba, R.Y., and Dbar, R.S. 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