{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T13:35:41Z","timestamp":1774013741671,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,8]],"date-time":"2022-08-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659916800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["2021YFC3001000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFC3001000"]}]},{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["2022A1515010019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022A1515010019"]}]},{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["2020-28"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020-28"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province","award":["2021YFC3001000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFC3001000"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province","award":["2022A1515010019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022A1515010019"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province","award":["2020-28"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020-28"]}]},{"name":"Water Conservancy Science and Technology Innovation Project in Guangdong Province","award":["2021YFC3001000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFC3001000"]}]},{"name":"Water Conservancy Science and Technology Innovation Project in Guangdong Province","award":["2022A1515010019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022A1515010019"]}]},{"name":"Water Conservancy Science and Technology Innovation Project in Guangdong Province","award":["2020-28"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020-28"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Obtaining accurate near-real-time precipitation data and merging multiple precipitation estimates require sufficient in-situ rain gauge networks. The triple collocation (TC) approach is a novel error assessment method that does not require rain gauge data and provides reasonable precipitation estimates by merging data; this study assesses the TC approach for producing reliable near-real-time satellite-based precipitation estimate (SPE) products and the utility of the merged SPEs for hydrological modeling of ungauged areas. Three widely used near-real-time SPEs, including the Integrated Multi-satellite Retrievals for Global Precipitation Measurement (IMERG) early\/late run (E\/L) series, and the Precipitation Estimation from Remotely Sensed Information Using Artificial Neural Networks-Dynamic Infrared Rain Rate (PDIR) products, are used in the Beijiang basin in south China. The results show that the TC-based merged SPEs generally outperform all original SPEs, with higher consistency with the in-situ observations, and show superiority over the simple equal-weighted merged SPEs used for comparison; these findings indicate the superiority of the TC approach for utilizing the error characteristics of input SPEs for multi-SPE merging for ungauged areas. The validation of the hydrological modeling utility based on the G\u00e9nie Rural \u00e0 4 param\u00e8tres Journalier (GR4J) model shows that the streamflow modeled by the TC-based merged SPEs has the best performance among all SPEs, especially for modeling low streamflow because the integration with the PDIR outperforms the IMERG products in low streamflow modeling. The TC merging approach performs satisfactorily for producing reliable near-real-time SPEs without gauge data, showing great potential for near-real-time applications, such as modeling rainstorms and monitoring floods and flash droughts in ungauged areas.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14153835","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,9]],"date-time":"2022-08-09T04:16:55Z","timestamp":1660018615000},"page":"3835","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Assessment and Hydrological Validation of Merged Near-Real-Time Satellite Precipitation Estimates Based on the Gauge-Free Triple Collocation Approach"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Daling","family":"Cao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing 100038, China"}]},{"given":"Hongtao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hydrology Center of Jinan, Jinan 250014, China"}]},{"given":"Enguang","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hydrology Center of Jinan, Jinan 250014, China"}]},{"given":"Sulin","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hydrology Center of Jinan, Jinan 250014, China"}]},{"given":"Chengguang","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering and Transportation, State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Building Science, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2893","DOI":"10.1175\/JHM-D-20-0177.1","article-title":"PERSIANN Dynamic Infrared\u2013Rain Rate (PDIR-Now): A Near-Real-Time, Quasi-Global Satellite Precipitation Dataset","volume":"21","author":"Nguyen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. 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