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Existing methods lack efficiency, robustness, and accuracy, and depend on many additional features such as point cloud reflectivity and color. This paper proposes a robust and automatic method to extract building facade maps. First, an improved 3D Hough transform is proposed by adding shift vote and 3D convolution of the accumulator to improve computational efficiency and reduce peak fuzziness and dependence on the step selection. These modifications make the extraction of potential planes fast and accurate. Second, the coplane and vertical plane constraints are introduced to eliminate pseudoplanes and nonbuilding facades. Then, we propose a strategy to refine the potential facade and to achieve the accurate calibration and division of the adjacent facade boundaries by clustering the refined point clouds of the facade. This process solves the problem where adjoining surfaces are merged into the same surface in the traditional method. Finally, the extracted facade point clouds are converted into feature images. Doors, windows, and building edges are accurately extracted via deep learning and digital image processing techniques, which combine to achieve accurate extraction of building facades. The proposed method was tested on the MLS and TLS point cloud datasets, which were collected from different cities with different building styles. Experimental results confirm that the proposed method decreases computational burden, improves efficiency, and achieves the accurate differentiation of adjacent facade boundaries with higher accuracy compared with the traditional method, verifying the robustness of the method. Additionally, the proposed method uses only point cloud geometry information, effectively reducing data requirements and acquisition costs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14163848","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,10]],"date-time":"2022-08-10T04:20:32Z","timestamp":1660105232000},"page":"3848","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["A Robust Automatic Method to Extract Building Facade Maps from 3D Point Cloud Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Bing","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering and Geomatics, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8123-7282","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jinlong","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering and Geomatics, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China"}]},{"given":"Xiujun","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering and Geomatics, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geoenvironment Protection, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8989-3113","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Keren","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geoenvironment Protection, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China"},{"name":"College of Earth Science, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China"}]},{"given":"Dongsheng","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering and Geomatics, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7056-1124","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bo","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, China"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering and Geomatics, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China"}]},{"given":"Yunliang","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering and Geomatics, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China"}]},{"given":"Bing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering and Geomatics, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2017.11.015","article-title":"Accurate Facade Feature Extraction Method for Buildings from Three-Dimensional Point Cloud Data Considering Structural Information","volume":"139","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"ISPRS J. 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