{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T13:55:00Z","timestamp":1775138100048,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,9]],"date-time":"2022-08-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660003200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Commission\/European Space Agency"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Satellite Earth Observation (EO) sensors are becoming a vital source of information for land surface monitoring. The concept of the Virtual Constellation (VC) is gaining interest within the science community owing to the increasing number of satellites\/sensors in operation with similar characteristics. The establishment of a VC out of individual missions offers new possibilities for many application domains, in particular in the fields of land surface monitoring and change detection. In this context, this paper describes the Copernicus Sen2Like algorithms and software, a solution for harmonizing and fusing Landsat 8\/Landsat 9 data with Sentinel-2 data. Developed under the European Union Copernicus Program, the Sen2Like software processes a large collection of Level 1\/Level 2A products and generates high quality Level 2 Analysis Ready Data (ARD) as part of harmonized (Level 2H) and\/or fused (Level 2F) products providing high temporal resolutions. For this purpose, we have re-used and developed a broad spectrum of data processing and analysis methodologies, including geometric and spectral co-registration, atmospheric and Bi-Directional Reflectance Distribution Function (BRDF) corrections and upscaling to 10 m for relevant Landsat bands. The Sen2Like software and the algorithms have been developed within a VC establishment framework, and the tool can conveniently be used to compare processing algorithms in combinations. It also has the potential to integrate new missions from spaceborne and airborne platforms including unmanned aerial vehicles. The validation activities show that the proposed approach improves the temporal consistency of the multi temporal data stack, and output products are interoperable with the subsequent thematic analysis processes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14163855","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,10]],"date-time":"2022-08-10T04:20:32Z","timestamp":1660105232000},"page":"3855","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Sen2Like: Paving the Way towards Harmonization and Fusion of Optical Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3178-3314","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u00e9bastien","family":"Saunier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Telespazio France, Satellite System and Operation, 26 Avenue JF Champollion, BP 52309, CEDEX 1, 31023 Toulouse, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4626-9393","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bringfried","family":"Pflug","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Aerospace Center (DLR), Remote Sensing Technology Institute, Photogrammetry and Image Analysis, Oberpfaffenhofen, 82234 Wessling, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0609-9649","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Italo","family":"Lobos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Change Unit, Image Processing Laboratory, University of Valencia, Paterna, 46980 Valencia, Spain"}]},{"given":"Belen","family":"Franch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Change Unit, Image Processing Laboratory, University of Valencia, Paterna, 46980 Valencia, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7394-6137","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J\u00e9r\u00f4me","family":"Louis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Telespazio France, Satellite System and Operation, 26 Avenue JF Champollion, BP 52309, CEDEX 1, 31023 Toulouse, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0485-9552","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raquel","family":"De Los Reyes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Aerospace Center (DLR), Remote Sensing Technology Institute, Photogrammetry and Image Analysis, Oberpfaffenhofen, 82234 Wessling, Germany"}]},{"given":"Vincent","family":"Debaecker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Telespazio France, Satellite System and Operation, 26 Avenue JF Champollion, BP 52309, CEDEX 1, 31023 Toulouse, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8282-844X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enrico","family":"Cadau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Serco Italia S.p.A\u2014Via Sciadonna 24\u201326, 00044 Frascati, Italy"}]},{"given":"Valentina","family":"Boccia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"European Space Agency, Directorate of Earth Observation Programmes, Largo Galileo Galileo 1, 00044 Roma, Italy"}]},{"given":"Ferran","family":"Gascon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"European Space Agency, Directorate of Earth Observation Programmes, Largo Galileo Galileo 1, 00044 Roma, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2775-7914","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sultan","family":"Kocaman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geomatics Engineering, Hacettepe University, Beytepe, Ankara 06800, Turkey"},{"name":"Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.11.026","article-title":"Sentinel-2: ESA\u2019s optical high-resolution mission for GMES operational services","volume":"120","author":"Drusch","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. 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