{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T00:58:15Z","timestamp":1760230695585,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,9]],"date-time":"2022-08-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660003200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["62001062","62107033","62005211"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62001062","62107033","62005211"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The orbital angular momentum (OAM) of a vortex electromagnetic wave (VEW) has gained attention as a newly explored information carrier. OAM modes provide vortex azimuth resolution, which is a new degree of freedom (DOF) in radar application. Due to the special characteristics of the vortex azimuth domain, VEW shares compound Doppler information of two-dimensional (2D) speed. This paper proposes a 2D target velocity estimation method for VEW radar. The Doppler effect of VEW is first analyzed. Based on the relativity of tangential speed and OAM mode, a pulse-by-pulse OAM mode-changing strategy is designed. Then, a modified Radon\u2013Fourier transformation (RFT) is proposed to estimate the compound Doppler frequency while range migration is compensated. In addition, decoupling and ambiguity-solving procedures are applied to the compound Doppler frequency estimation to obtain tangential and radial speed estimations separately. According to the simulation analyses, the effectiveness of the proposed method is verified.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14163861","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,10]],"date-time":"2022-08-10T04:20:32Z","timestamp":1660105232000},"page":"3861","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Targets\u2019 Radial and Tangential Velocities Estimation Based on Vortex Electromagnetic Waves"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Caipin","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Xi\u2019an Institute of Space Radio Technology, Xi\u2019an 710100, China"}]},{"given":"Shengyuan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xi\u2019an Institute of Space Radio Technology, Xi\u2019an 710100, China"}]},{"given":"Dong","family":"You","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xi\u2019an Institute of Space Radio Technology, Xi\u2019an 710100, China"}]},{"given":"Wencan","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xi\u2019an Institute of Space Radio Technology, Xi\u2019an 710100, China"}]},{"given":"Jinwei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xi\u2019an Institute of Space Radio Technology, Xi\u2019an 710100, China"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xi\u2019an Institute of Space Radio Technology, Xi\u2019an 710100, China"}]},{"given":"Qiang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hangzhou Institute of Technology, Xidian University, Hangzhou 311200, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2590-7704","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhanye","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chongqing Key Laboratory of Space Information Network and Intelligent Information Fusion, School of Microelectronics and Communication Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1038\/nphoton.2012.138","article-title":"Terabit free-space data transmission employing orbital angular momentum multiplexing","volume":"6","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Photonics"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1237861","article-title":"Terabit-scale orbital angular momentum mode division multiplexing in fibers","volume":"340","author":"Bozinovic","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1109\/WCL.2013.012513.120686","article-title":"4-Gbps uncompressed video transmission over a 60-GHz orbital angular momentum wireless channel","volume":"2","author":"Mahmouli","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Wirel. Commun. Lett."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"033001","DOI":"10.1088\/1367-2630\/14\/3\/033001","article-title":"Encoding many channels on the same frequency through radio vorticity: First experimental test","volume":"14","author":"Tamburini","year":"2012","journal-title":"New J. Phys."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"2305","article-title":"New research progress of the orbital angular momentum technology in wireless communication: A survey","volume":"43","author":"Sun","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Electonica Sin."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1414","DOI":"10.1049\/el.2014.2860","article-title":"Experimental circular phased array for generating OAM radio beams","volume":"50","author":"Bai","year":"2014","journal-title":"Electron. Lett."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2014.2376970","article-title":"Orbital-angular-momentum-based electromagnetic vortex imaging","volume":"14","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1852659","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/1852659","article-title":"Improved OAM-based radar targets detection using uniform concentric circular arrays","volume":"2016","author":"Lin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2018.2814980","article-title":"Implementation of vortex electromagnetic waves high-resolution synthetic aperture radar imaging","volume":"17","author":"Bu","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2015.2490169","article-title":"Electromagnetic vortex imaging using uniform concentric circular arrays","volume":"15","author":"Yuan","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, J., Liu, K., and Wang, H. (2019, January 20\u201324). Side-looking stripmap SAR based on vortex electromagnetic waves. Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE International Conference on Communications Workshops (ICC Workshops), Shanghai, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCW.2019.8757161"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"5203014","article-title":"A novel vortex synthetic aperture radar imaging system: Decreasing the pulse repetition frequency without increasing the antenna aperture","volume":"60","author":"Shu","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82693","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2908209","article-title":"Synthetic aperture radar interferometry based on vortex electromagnetic waves","volume":"7","author":"Bu","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1080\/2150704X.2017.1421791","article-title":"Three dimensional SAR imaging based on vortex electromagnetic waves","volume":"9","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"200512","article-title":"3-D object imaging method with electromagnetic vortex","volume":"60","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liang, J., Zhang, Q., Luo, Y., Yuan, H., and Chen, Y. (2022). Three-Dimensional Imaging with Bistatic Vortex Electromagnetic Wave Radar. Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14132972"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsp.2021.103197","article-title":"Orbital-angular-momentum-based super-resolution ISAR imaging for maneuvering targets: Modeling and performance analysis","volume":"117","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Digit. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3217","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.80.3217","article-title":"Measurement of the rotational frequency shift imparted to a rotating light beam possessing orbital angular momentum","volume":"80","author":"Courtial","year":"1998","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1239936","article-title":"Detection of a spinning object using light\u2019s orbital angular momentum","volume":"341","author":"Lavery","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Klemes, M. (2019). Reception of OAM Radio Waves Using Pseudo-Doppler Interpolation Techniques: A Frequency-Domain Approach. Appl. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/app9061082"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rinp.2018.12.024","article-title":"The Doppler effect and similar triangles","volume":"12","author":"Klinaku","year":"2019","journal-title":"Results Phys."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2549","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.41.002549","article-title":"Measurement of the rotational Doppler frequency shift of a spinning object using a radio frequency orbital angular momentum beam","volume":"41","author":"Zhao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zheng, J., Zheng, S., Shao, Z., and Zhang, X. (2017, January 13\u201316). Rotational Doppler effect based on the radio orbital angular momentum wave. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE Asia Pacific Microwave Conference (APMC), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.","DOI":"10.1109\/APMC.2017.8251700"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164907","DOI":"10.1063\/1.5050448","article-title":"Analysis of rotational Doppler effect based on radio waves carrying orbital angular momentum","volume":"124","author":"Zheng","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2021.110278","article-title":"Detecting targets\u2019 longitudinal and angular accelerations based on vortex electromagnetic waves","volume":"187","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1186","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2011.5751251","article-title":"Radon\u2013Fourier transform for radar target detection, I: Generalized Doppler filter bank","volume":"47","author":"Xu","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6190","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2012.2217137","article-title":"Radar maneuvering target motion estimation based on generalized Radon\u2013Fourier transform","volume":"60","author":"Xu","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1109\/7.599236","article-title":"Doppler ambiguity resolution using multiple PRF","volume":"33","author":"Ferrari","year":"1997","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/16\/3861\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:06:22Z","timestamp":1760141182000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/16\/3861"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,9]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]}},"alternative-id":["rs14163861"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs14163861","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,9]]}}}