{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T00:58:25Z","timestamp":1760230705771,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,9]],"date-time":"2022-08-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660003200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["11474258","SKLA202206"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11474258","SKLA202206"]}]},{"name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["11474258","SKLA202206"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11474258","SKLA202206"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>High order Bragg scattering from sand ripples is investigated by a tank experiment, where the artificially produced sand ripples have a spatial period of 0.2 m and ripple height of 5 cm. Bragg scattering has been measured at three frequencies 22 kHz, 24.57 kHz, and 27 kHz and three incident grazing angles 20\u2218, 30\u2218, 40\u2218 by a method based on the conventional beamforming using two horizontal receiving arrays. It is illustrated that high order Bragg scatterings can be observed, and the corresponding scattered grazing angles agree with the theoretical prediction. Owing to the ripple height being on the order of wavelength, it is found that the distribution of forward scattering amplitude is different from the distribution for sand ripples of small height, i.e., the diffuseness of scattering amplitude is increased with the ripple height.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14163865","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,10]],"date-time":"2022-08-10T04:20:32Z","timestamp":1660105232000},"page":"3865","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Experimental Measurement of Forward Scattering from Very Rough Sand Ripples in a Water Tank"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2909-7320","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liang","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Marine Technology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gaokun","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Marine Technology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8992-2567","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Minshuai","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Marine Technology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yun","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Acoustics, Institute of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Linhui","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Marine Technology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2095","DOI":"10.1121\/1.5056168","article-title":"Measurements of two-dimensional spatial coherence of normal-incidence seafloor scattering","volume":"144","author":"Brown","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2169","DOI":"10.1121\/1.4930185","article-title":"Observations of backscatter from sand and gravel seafloors between 170 and 250 kHz","volume":"138","author":"Weber","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1661","DOI":"10.1121\/1.5126023","article-title":"Reverberation due to a moving, narrowband source in an ocean waveguide","volume":"146","author":"Hefner","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2701","DOI":"10.1121\/1.4784337","article-title":"Monostatic and bistatic measurements of targets resting on or buried under the seafloor","volume":"125","author":"Lopes","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1121\/1.2227377","article-title":"Experimental demonstration of iterative time-reversed reverberation focusing in a rough waveguide. Application to target detection","volume":"120","author":"Sabra","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1800","DOI":"10.1121\/1.4868362","article-title":"Target localization through a data-based sensitivity kernel: A perturbation approach applied to a multistatic configuration","volume":"135","author":"Yildiz","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1121\/1.392064","article-title":"Acoustic backscattering at low grazing angles from the ocean bottom. Part I. Bottom backscattering strength","volume":"77","author":"Boehme","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1121\/1.392065","article-title":"Acoustic backscattering at low grazing angles from the ocean bottom. Part II. Statistical characteristics of bottom backscatter at a shallow water site","volume":"77","author":"Chotiros","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1188","DOI":"10.1121\/1.393809","article-title":"High-frequency bottom backscatter measurements in shallow water","volume":"80","author":"Jackson","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1410","DOI":"10.1121\/1.393669","article-title":"Application of the composite roughness model to high-frequency bottom backscattering","volume":"79","author":"Jackson","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2134","DOI":"10.1121\/1.396341","article-title":"Shallow-water high-frequency bottom scattering off panama city, florida","volume":"83","author":"Stanic","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1121\/1.397720","article-title":"High-frequency acoustic backscattering from a coarse shell ocean bottom","volume":"85","author":"Stanic","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1121\/1.401278","article-title":"Angular dependence of 12-kHz seafloor acoustic backscatter","volume":"90","author":"Alexandrou","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1121\/1.403966","article-title":"High-frequency bottom backscattering: Roughness versus sediment volume scattering","volume":"92","author":"Jackson","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1109\/48.544057","article-title":"Tests of models for high-frequency seafloor backscatter","volume":"21","author":"Jackson","year":"1996","journal-title":"IEEE J. Ocean. Eng."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1109\/48.701192","article-title":"Shallow-water bottom reverberation measurements","volume":"23","author":"Stanic","year":"1998","journal-title":"IEEE J. Ocean. Eng."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1287021","article-title":"Measurement technique for bottom scattering in shallow water","volume":"108","author":"Holland","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1109\/JOE.2002.1040925","article-title":"Acoustic backscattering experiments in a well characterized sand sediment: Data\/model comparisons using sediment fluid and Biot models","volume":"27","author":"Williams","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE J. Ocean. Eng."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2501","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1558039","article-title":"Backscatter from a limestone seafloor at 2\u20133.5 kHz: Measurements and modeling","volume":"113","author":"Soukup","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3504","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1898064","article-title":"Acoustic backscatter measurements from littoral seabeds at shallow grazing angles at 4 and 8 kHz","volume":"117","author":"Hines","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1109\/JOE.2009.2018335","article-title":"Acoustic backscattering from a sand and a sand\/mud environment: Experiments and data\/model comparisons","volume":"34","author":"Williams","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE J. Ocean. Eng."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"EL160","DOI":"10.1121\/1.3338987","article-title":"8-kHz bottom backscattering measurements at low grazing angles in shallow water","volume":"127","author":"La","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1109\/JOE.2010.2050170","article-title":"A geoacoustic bottom interaction model (GABIM)","volume":"35","author":"Jackson","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE J. Ocean. Eng."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1109\/JOE.2017.2750303","article-title":"Measurements of midfrequency acoustic backscattering from a sandy bottom in the South Yellow Sea of China","volume":"43","author":"Yu","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE J. Ocean. Eng."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2207","DOI":"10.1121\/1.400913","article-title":"Bistatic reverberation calculations using a three-dimensional scattering function","volume":"89","author":"Ellis","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1121\/1.421109","article-title":"Bistatic bottom scattering: Model, experiments, and model\/data comparison","volume":"103","author":"Williams","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1908061","article-title":"Side scattering of sound in shallow water","volume":"32","author":"Urick","year":"1960","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1121\/1.401282","article-title":"Variability of shallow-water bistatic bottom backscattering","volume":"90","author":"Stanic","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2633","DOI":"10.1121\/1.405837","article-title":"High-frequency bistatic reverberation from a smooth ocean bottom","volume":"93","author":"Stanic","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1744","DOI":"10.1121\/1.427923","article-title":"Low grazing angle bistatic sea floor scattering on the Florida Atlantic coastal shelf","volume":"106","author":"Day","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1109\/48.917926","article-title":"240-kHz bistatic bottom scattering measurements in shallow water","volume":"26","author":"Choi","year":"2001","journal-title":"IEEE J. Ocean. Eng."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1109\/JOE.2003.819151","article-title":"High-frequency bistatic sea-floor scattering from sandy ripple bottom","volume":"28","author":"Choi","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE J. Ocean. Eng."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1109\/JOE.2002.1040923","article-title":"High-frequency subcritical acoustic penetration into a sandy sediment","volume":"27","author":"Jackson","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE J. Ocean. Eng."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2071","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1289371","article-title":"Penetration of acoustic waves into rippled sandy seafloors","volume":"108","author":"Pouliquen","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1109\/JOE.2009.2028410","article-title":"Mid-to high-frequency acoustic penetration and propagation measurements in a sandy sediment","volume":"34","author":"Hefner","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE J. Ocean. Eng."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1121\/1.4809683","article-title":"Subcritical penetration into rough seafloors due to Bragg scattering","volume":"134","author":"Peng","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Jaud, V., Sessarego, J.P., Gervaise, C., and Stephan, Y. (2011, January 20\u201324). Bistatic scattering from an anisotropic rough surface in water tank. Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Underwater Acoustics Measurements, Kos Island, Greece."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.4236\/oja.2012.21005","article-title":"High frequency roughness scattering from various rough surfaces: Theory and laboratory experiments","volume":"2","author":"Jaud","year":"2012","journal-title":"Open J. Acoust."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Calvo, D.C., Nicholas, M., Fialkowski, J.M., Gauss, R.C., Olson, D.R., and Lyons, A.P. (2015, January 19\u201322). Scale-model scattering experiments using 3D printed representations of ocean bottom features. Proceedings of the OCEANS 2015-MTS\/IEEE Washington, Washington, DC, USA.","DOI":"10.23919\/OCEANS.2015.7404373"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2259","DOI":"10.1121\/1.400068","article-title":"Spatial Fourier transform method of measuring reflection coefficients at oblique incidence. I: Theory and numerical examples","volume":"88","author":"Tamura","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2255","DOI":"10.1121\/1.412940","article-title":"Spatial Fourier-transform method for measuring reflection coefficients at oblique incidence. II. Experimental results","volume":"97","author":"Tamura","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1109\/JOE.2013.2289173","article-title":"Range of validity of the Rayleigh hypothesis for sound wave scattering from a periodic seafloor","volume":"39","author":"Yu","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE J. Ocean. Eng."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1553","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1913270","article-title":"Experimental measurements of the scattering of acoustic waves by rough surfaces","volume":"52","author":"Welton","year":"1972","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/16\/3865\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:06:23Z","timestamp":1760141183000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/16\/3865"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,9]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]}},"alternative-id":["rs14163865"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs14163865","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,9]]}}}