{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,25]],"date-time":"2026-01-25T11:06:50Z","timestamp":1769339210998,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,10]],"date-time":"2022-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660089600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017YFC1500904"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017YFC1500904"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2016YFB0501301"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016YFB0501301"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["613237201506"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["613237201506"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41418050201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41418050201"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National 973 Program of China","award":["2017YFC1500904"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017YFC1500904"]}]},{"name":"National 973 Program of China","award":["2016YFB0501301"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016YFB0501301"]}]},{"name":"National 973 Program of China","award":["613237201506"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["613237201506"]}]},{"name":"National 973 Program of China","award":["41418050201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41418050201"]}]},{"name":"Advance Research Project of Common Technology","award":["2017YFC1500904"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017YFC1500904"]}]},{"name":"Advance Research Project of Common Technology","award":["2016YFB0501301"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016YFB0501301"]}]},{"name":"Advance Research Project of Common Technology","award":["613237201506"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["613237201506"]}]},{"name":"Advance Research Project of Common Technology","award":["41418050201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41418050201"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Frequency-hopping binary offset carrier modulation improves the anti-interference performance and mitigates the autocorrelation function (ACF) ambiguity problem of binary offset carrier modulation. To save payload resources and make high-power amplifiers on satellites operate at the nonlinear saturation region, there is further demand for finding an efficient constant-envelope frequency-hopping binary offset carrier multiplexing technique to combine several signal components. Thus, we propose a dual-sideband constant-envelope multiplexing modulation, named asymmetric constant-envelope frequency-hopping binary offset carrier multiplexing (ACE-FHBOC), which is also a multicarrier constant-envelope multiplexing modulation. ACE-FHBOC provides higher design flexibility in the number of subcarrier frequencies than ACE-BOC while maintaining the same flexibility of signal design as ACE-BOC in the number of signal components and power ratio among components. We first establish the theory and give implementation methods of ACE-FHBOC. Then, we develop a software-defined receiver to simulate and analyze the performance for several specific ACE-FHBOC and ACE-BOC signals. The results show that the recommended ACE-FHBOC signals have lower ACF ambiguity, better anti-narrowband interference, and multipath performance than ACE-BOC under the same conditions. With these advantages, ACE-FHBOC is a promising solution for the signal design of new generation global navigation satellite systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14163871","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,10]],"date-time":"2022-08-10T09:42:56Z","timestamp":1660124576000},"page":"3871","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Dual-Sideband Constant-Envelope Frequency-Hopping Binary Offset Carrier Multiplexing Modulation for Satellite Navigation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Jiangang","family":"Ma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi\u2019an Jiao Tong University (XJTU), Xi\u2019an 710049, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2983-2313","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yikang","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi\u2019an Jiao Tong University (XJTU), Xi\u2019an 710049, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4587-4249","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lvyang","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi\u2019an Jiao Tong University (XJTU), Xi\u2019an 710049, China"}]},{"given":"Lingyu","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi\u2019an Jiao Tong University (XJTU), Xi\u2019an 710049, China"}]},{"given":"Hengnian","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Astronautic Dynamics, Xi\u2019an Satellite Control Center, Xi\u2019an 710049, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2762","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2017.2766768","article-title":"GNSS position integrity in urban environments: A review of literature","volume":"19","author":"Zhu","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Transport. Syst."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1462","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2020.3043543","article-title":"Improving navigation in GNSS-challenging environments: Multi-UAS cooperation and generalized dilution of precision","volume":"57","author":"Causa","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chiang, K.-W., Le, D.T., Duong, T.T., and Sun, R. (2020). The performance analysis of INS\/GNSS\/V-SLAM integration scheme using smartphone sensors for land vehicle navigation applications in GNSS-challenging environments. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12111732"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ye, L., Yang, Y., Jing, X., Ma, J., Deng, L., and Li, H. (2021). Single-Satellite Integrated Navigation Algorithm Based on Broadband LEOConstellation Communication Links. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13040703"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1007\/s10291-020-00982-3","article-title":"FH-BOC: Generalized low-ambiguity anti-interference spread spectrum modulation based on frequency-hopping binary offset carrier","volume":"24","author":"Ma","year":"2020","journal-title":"GPS Solut."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1109\/MSP.2017.2713882","article-title":"Signal multiplexing techniques for GNSS: The principle, progress, and challenges within a uniform framework","volume":"34","author":"Yao","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Process Mag."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xue, L., Li, X., Wu, W., and Dong, J. (2022). Multifunctional Signal Design for Measurement, Navigation and Communication Based on BOC and BPSK Modulation. Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14071653"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yao, Z., and Lu, M.Q. (2021). Next-Generation GNSS Signal Design: Theories, Principles, and Technologies, Springer Nature.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-15-5799-6"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOM.1972.1091213","article-title":"Interplex\u2014An efficient multichannel PSK\/PM telemetry system","volume":"20","author":"Butman","year":"1972","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Commun."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Spilker, J.J., and Orr, R.S. (1998, January 15\u201318). Code multiplexing via majority logic for GPS modernization. Proceedings of the ION GPS 1998, Institute of Navigation, Nashville, TN, USA."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Dafesh, P., Nguyen, T., and Lazar, S. (1999, January 25\u201327). Coherent adaptive subcarrier modulation (CASM) for GPS modernization. Proceedings of the ION NTM 1999, San Diego, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Dafesh, P., and Cahn, C. (2009, January 22\u201325). Phase-optimized constant-envelope transmission (POCET) modulation method for GNSS signals. In Proceeding of the ION GNSS 2009, Savannah, GA, USA."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1017\/S0373463315000119","article-title":"A Quasi-constant Envelope Multiplexing Technique for GNSS Signals","volume":"68","author":"Yan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Navig."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Lestarquit, L., Artaud, G., and Issler, J.L. (2008, January 16\u201319). AltBOC for dummies or everything you always wanted to know about AltBOC. Proceedings of the ION GNSS 2008, Savannah, GA, USA."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Tang, Z.P., Zhou, H., Wei, J.L., Yan, T., Liu, Y.Q., Ran, Y.J., and Zhou, Y.L. (2010, January 18\u201322). TD-AltBOC: A new COMPASS B2 modulation. Proceedings of the China Satellite Navigation Conference 2010, Shanghai, China."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"869","article-title":"Non-symmetrical AltBOC multiplexing for Compass B1 signal design","volume":"52","author":"Zhu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Tsinghua Univ."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1049\/el.2013.2095","article-title":"Generalised constant-envelope DualQPSK and AltBOC modulations for modern GNSS signals","volume":"49","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Electron. Lett."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1007\/s10291-012-0268-6","article-title":"Unbalanced AltBOC: A Compass B1 candidate with generalized MPOCET technique","volume":"17","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"GPS Solut."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Yao, Z., and Lu, M.Q. (2013, January 16\u201320). Design, Implementation, and Performance Analysis of ACE-BOC Modulation. Proceedings of the ION GNSS+ 2013, Nashville, TN, USA."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, X., Zhu, X., Tang, X., Gong, H., and Ou, G. (2015, January 13\u201315). GCE-BOC modulation: A generalized multiplexing technology for modern GNSS dual-frequency signals. Proceedings of the China satellite navigation conference (CSNC) 2015, Xi\u2019an, China.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-46635-3_5"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1017\/S037346331500079X","article-title":"General AltBOC Modulation with Adjustable Power Allocation Ratio for GNSS","volume":"69","author":"Yan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Navig."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2015.140607","article-title":"ACE-BOC dual-frequency constant envelope multiplexing for satellite navigation","volume":"52","author":"Yao","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1007\/s10291-016-0547-8","article-title":"BS-ACEBOC: A generalized low-complexity dual-frequency constant-envelope multiplexing modulation for GNSS","volume":"21","author":"Guo","year":"2017","journal-title":"GPS Solut."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Dafesh, P.A., and Cahn, C.R. (2011, January 24\u201326). Application of POCET Method to Combine GNSS Signals at Different Carrier Frequencies. Proceedings of the ION ITM 2011, San Diego, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1685","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2017.2671580","article-title":"Orthogonality-based generalized multicarrier constant envelope multiplexing for DSSS signals","volume":"53","author":"Yao","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2019.2909899","article-title":"Multicarrier Constant-Envelope Multiplexing Technique by Subcarrier Vectorization for New Generation GNSSs","volume":"23","author":"Ma","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Lett."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Zhang, X., Zhang, X., Yao, Z., and Lu, M.Q. (2012, January 17\u201321). Implementations of constant envelope multiplexing based on extended Interplex and inter-modulation construction method. Proceedings of the ION GNSS 2012, Nashville, TN, USA."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Xie, G. (2013). Principle of GNSS: GPA, GLONASS, and Galileo, Publishing House of Electronics Industry."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/navi.30","article-title":"New expressions for the autocorrelation function of BOC GNSS signals","volume":"60","author":"Sousa","year":"2013","journal-title":"NAVIGATION J. Inst. Navig."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Borre, K., Akos, D.M., Bertelsen, N., Rinder, P., and Jensen, S.H. (2007). A Software-Defined GPS and Galileo Receiver: A Single-Frequency Approach, Springer Science & Business Media."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1557","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2009.5310317","article-title":"Generalized theory of code tracking with an early-late discriminator part II: Noncoherent processing and numerical results","volume":"45","author":"Betz","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, J., Cui, X., Xu, H., and Lu, M. (2019). A Two-Stage Interference Suppression Scheme Based on Antenna Array for GNSS Jamming and Spoofing. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19183870"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4067","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2020.2990148","article-title":"An assessment of impact of adaptive notch filters for interference removal on the signal processing stages of a GNSS receiver","volume":"56","author":"Qin","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, L., Lu, Z., Xiao, Z., Ren, C., Song, J., and Li, B. (2022). Suppression of Jammer Multipath in GNSS Antenna Array Receiver. Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14020350"},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Hein, G.W., Avila-Rodriguez, J.-A., Wallner, S., Pratt, A.R., Owen, J., Issler, J., Betz, J.W., Hegarty, C.J., Lenahan, S., and Rushanan, J.J. (2006, January 25\u201327). MBOC: The new optimized spreading modulation recommended for GALILEO L1 O.S. and GPS L1C. Proceedings of the IEEE\/ION PLANS 2006, San Diego, CA, USA."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/16\/3871\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:06:36Z","timestamp":1760141196000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/16\/3871"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,10]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]}},"alternative-id":["rs14163871"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs14163871","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,10]]}}}