{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T14:57:00Z","timestamp":1767970620004,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,10]],"date-time":"2022-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660089600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42074042"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42074042"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41775034"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41775034"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Atmospheric drag provides an indirect approach for evaluating atmospheric mass density, which can be derived from the Precise Orbit Determination (POD) of Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites. A method was developed to estimate nongravitational acceleration, which includes the drag acceleration of the thermospheric density model and empirical force acceleration in the velocity direction from the centimeter-level reduced-dynamic POD. The main research achievements include the study of atmospheric responses to geomagnetic storms, especially after the launch of the spherical Qiu Qiu (QQ)-Satellite (QQ-Satellite) with the global navigation system satellite (GNSS) receiver onboard tracking the Global Positioning System (GPS) and Beidou System (BDS) data. Using this derivation method, the high-accuracy POD atmospheric density was determined from these data, resulting in better agreement among the QQ-Satellite-derived densities and the NRLMSISE-00 model densities. In addition, the POD-derived density exhibited a more sensitive response to magnetic storms. Improved accuracy of short-term orbit predictions using derived density was one of the aims of this study. Preliminary experiments using densities derived from the QQ-Satellite showed promising and encouraging results in reducing orbit propagation errors within 24 h, especially during periods of geomagnetic activity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14163873","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,10]],"date-time":"2022-08-10T09:42:56Z","timestamp":1660124576000},"page":"3873","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Analysis of Orbital Atmospheric Density from QQ-Satellite Precision Orbits Based on GNSS Observations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Yueqiang","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, National Space Science Center, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Space Environmental Situation Awareness, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0975-1412","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bowen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, National Space Science Center, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Space Environmental Situation Awareness, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4132-3442","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiangguang","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, National Space Science Center, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Space Environmental Situation Awareness, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"}]},{"given":"Xinchun","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenzhen Aerospace Dongfanghong Satellite Ltd., Shenzhen 518057, China"}]},{"given":"Feng","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenzhen Aerospace Dongfanghong Satellite Ltd., Shenzhen 518057, China"}]},{"given":"Xianguo","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, National Space Science Center, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Space Environmental Situation Awareness, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"}]},{"given":"Weihua","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, National Space Science Center, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Space Environmental Situation Awareness, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"}]},{"given":"Qifei","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, National Space Science Center, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Space Environmental Situation Awareness, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"}]},{"given":"Xianyi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, National Space Science Center, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Space Environmental Situation Awareness, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"}]},{"given":"Yuerong","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, National Space Science Center, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Space Environmental Situation Awareness, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"}]},{"given":"Bibo","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenzhen Aerospace Dongfanghong Satellite Ltd., Shenzhen 518057, China"}]},{"given":"Shilong","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenzhen Aerospace Dongfanghong Satellite Ltd., Shenzhen 518057, China"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Qiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, National Space Science Center, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Space Environmental Situation Awareness, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"}]},{"given":"Peng","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, National Space Science Center, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Space Environmental Situation Awareness, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"}]},{"given":"Yongping","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, National Space Science Center, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Space Environmental Situation Awareness, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"}]},{"given":"Xinyue","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, National Space Science Center, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Space Environmental Situation Awareness, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764144","DOI":"10.3389\/fspas.2021.764144","article-title":"The Current State and Future Directions of Modeling Thermosphere Density Enhancements During Extreme Magnetic Storms","volume":"8","author":"Oliveira","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. 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