{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]],"date-time":"2026-02-21T18:27:11Z","timestamp":1771698431367,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,11]],"date-time":"2022-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660176000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62101456"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62101456"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62171023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62171023"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["D5000210752"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D5000210752"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"2022 Suzhou innovation and entrepreneurship leading talents program (Young innovative leading talents)","award":["62101456"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62101456"]}]},{"name":"2022 Suzhou innovation and entrepreneurship leading talents program (Young innovative leading talents)","award":["62171023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62171023"]}]},{"name":"2022 Suzhou innovation and entrepreneurship leading talents program (Young innovative leading talents)","award":["D5000210752"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D5000210752"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["62101456"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62101456"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["62171023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62171023"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["D5000210752"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D5000210752"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>It is difficult to detect bridges in synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images due to the inherent speckle noise of SAR images, the interference generated by strong coastal scatterers, and the diversity of bridge and coastal terrain morphologies. In this paper, we present a two-step bridge detection method for polarimetric SAR imagery, in which the probability graph model of a Markov tree is used to build the water network, and bridges are detected by traversing the graph of the water network to determine all adjacent water branch pairs. In the step of the water network construction, candidate water branches are first extracted by using a region-based level set segmentation method. The water network is then built globally as a tree by connecting the extracted water branches based on the probabilistic graph model of a Markov tree, in which a node denotes a single branch and an edge denotes the connection of two adjacent branches. In the step of the bridge detection, all adjacent water branch pairs related to bridges are searched by traversing the constructed tree. Each bridge is finally detected by merging the two contours of the corresponding branch pair. Three polarimetric SAR data acquired by RADARSAT-2 covering Singapore and Lingshui, China, and by TerraSAR-X covering Singapore, are used for testing. The experimental results show that the detection rate, the false alarm rate, and the intersection over union (IoU) between the recognized bridge body and the ground truth are all improved by using the proposed method, compared to the method that constructs a water network based on water branches merging by contour distance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14163888","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,11]],"date-time":"2022-08-11T21:15:05Z","timestamp":1660252505000},"page":"3888","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Offshore Bridge Detection in Polarimetric SAR Images Based on Water Network Construction Using Markov Tree"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0669-3701","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chun","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Software, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710072, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jianghong","family":"Ou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Starway Communication, No. 31, Kefeng Road, Guangzhou Science City, Guangzhou 510663, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dahua","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Starway Communication, No. 31, Kefeng Road, Guangzhou Science City, Guangzhou 510663, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2006.879564","article-title":"Polarimetric analysis of radar signature of a manmade structure","volume":"3","author":"Lee","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. 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