{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T23:45:32Z","timestamp":1781307932382,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,11]],"date-time":"2022-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660176000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation","award":["ZR2021YQ28"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2021YQ28"]}]},{"name":"Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation","award":["ZR2020MD117"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2020MD117"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Much attention has recently been devoted to the qualitative relationship between climate factors and drought; however, the influences of climate variability, land-use\/cover changes (LUCC), and other human activities on drought have rarely been quantitatively assessed. Based on the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model and the Palmer drought severity index (PDSI), this study presents a framework to quantify drought changes in an attribution study, and quantifies the effects of climate factors, LUCC, and other human activities on drought in a typical basin (Yihe River) in eastern China from 1980 to 2019. (1) The SWAT\u2013PDSI results revealed a slight decreasing trend from 1980 to 2019, indicating that the degree of drought increased\u2014especially in the middle of the basin. (2) The precipitation in the basin exhibited a downward trend (\u22122.7 mm\/10 a), while the temperature exhibited a significant increasing trend (0.13 \u00b0C\/10 a, p &lt; 0.05). Over the past 40 years, LUCC in the Yihe River Basin was mainly characterized by a reduction in the dryland area (149 km2) and an increase in the built-up area (135 km2), which changed by \u22121.77% and 18.96%, respectively. (3) Climate fluctuation was the main driving factor of drought change, with a contribution rate ranging from 68 to 84%, and the contribution to drought gradually increased. Among the various factors, the contribution of temperature exceeded that of precipitation from 2010 to 2019, suggesting that temperature has become the most important climate factor affecting drought. The contribution rates of LUCC to drought changes over the periods 1990\u20131999, 2000\u20132009, and 2010\u20132019 were 7.8%, 18%, and 12.6%, respectively. This indicates that the relative contributions of other human activities to drought changes gradually decreased. This study refines the drought attribution framework, which could provide scientific support for the quantitative attribution of drought and the formulation of disaster prevention and reduction strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14163895","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,11]],"date-time":"2022-08-11T21:15:05Z","timestamp":1660252505000},"page":"3895","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Quantifying the Effects of Climate Variability, Land-Use Changes, and Human Activities on Drought Based on the SWAT\u2013PDSI Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Yanbing","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography and Tourism, Qufu Normal University, Rizhao 276826, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6986-135X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Baofu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography and Tourism, Qufu Normal University, Rizhao 276826, China"},{"name":"Institute of Yellow River Ecology, Qufu Normal University, Rizhao 276826, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lishu","family":"Lian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography and Tourism, Qufu Normal University, Rizhao 276826, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tianxiao","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography and Tourism, Qufu Normal University, Rizhao 276826, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junshan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography and Tourism, Qufu Normal University, Rizhao 276826, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fangshu","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography and Tourism, Qufu Normal University, Rizhao 276826, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yunqian","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography and Tourism, Qufu Normal University, Rizhao 276826, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"87","article-title":"Temporal and spatial transfer characteristics and hot spot area detection of drought in North China Plain from 1901 to 2015","volume":"34","author":"Tian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Resour. 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