{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T20:36:07Z","timestamp":1773347767324,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,13]],"date-time":"2022-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660348800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["No. XDA23040304"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. XDA23040304"]}]},{"name":"Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["41890823"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41890823"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["No. XDA23040304"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. XDA23040304"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["41890823"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41890823"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To generate high-quality spatial precipitation estimates, merging rain gauges with a single-satellite precipitation product (SPP) is a common approach. However, a single SPP cannot capture the spatial pattern of precipitation well, and its resolution is also too low. This study proposed an integrated framework for merging multisatellite and gauge precipitation. The framework integrates the geographically weighted regression (GWR) for improving the spatial resolution of precipitation estimations and the long short-term memory (LSTM) network for improving the precipitation estimation accuracy by exploiting the spatiotemporal correlation pattern between multisatellite precipitation products and rain gauges. Specifically, the integrated framework was applied to the Han River Basin of China for generating daily precipitation estimates from the data of both rain gauges and four SPPs (TRMM_3B42, CMORPH, PERSIANN-CDR, and GPM-IMAGE) during the period of 2007\u20132018. The results show that the GWR-LSTM framework significantly improves the spatial resolution and accuracy of precipitation estimates (resolution of 0.05\u00b0, correlation coefficient of 0.86, and Kling\u2013Gupta efficiency of 0.6) over original SPPs (resolution of 0.25\u00b0 or 0.1\u00b0, correlation coefficient of 0.36\u20130.54, Kling\u2013Gupta efficiency of 0.30\u20130.52). Compared with other methods, the correlation coefficient for the whole basin is improved by approximately 4%. Especially in the lower reaches of the Han River, the correlation coefficient is improved by 15%. In addition, this study demonstrates that merging multiple-satellite and gauge precipitation is much better than merging partial products of multiple satellite with gauge observations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14163939","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,15]],"date-time":"2022-08-15T23:44:03Z","timestamp":1660607043000},"page":"3939","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Merging Multisatellite and Gauge Precipitation Based on Geographically Weighted Regression and Long Short-Term Memory Network"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2317-7381","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jianming","family":"Shen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Cycle and Related Land Surface Processes, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Po","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese Academy of Surveying & Mapping, Beijing 100830, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Cycle and Related Land Surface Processes, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yanjun","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Cycle and Related Land Surface Processes, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Cycle and Related Land Surface Processes, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.04.024","article-title":"Exploration of severities of rainfall and runoff extremes in ungauged catchments: A case study of Lai Chi Wo in Hong Kong, China","volume":"634","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. 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