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special project &amp; Science and technology innovation base construction project","award":["XDA20060301"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XDA20060301"]}]},{"name":"Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region innovation environment Construction special project &amp; Science and technology innovation base construction project","award":["GJTD-2020-14"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GJTD-2020-14"]}]},{"name":"Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region innovation environment Construction special project &amp; Science and technology innovation base construction project","award":["JCTD-2019-20"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JCTD-2019-20"]}]},{"name":"Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region innovation environment Construction special project &amp; Science and technology innovation base construction project","award":["42071049"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42071049"]}]},{"name":"Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region innovation environment Construction special project &amp; Science and technology innovation base construction project","award":["2020E01010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020E01010"]}]},{"name":"Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region innovation environment Construction special project &amp; Science and technology innovation base construction project","award":["131965KYSB20200029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["131965KYSB20200029"]}]},{"name":"Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region innovation environment Construction special project &amp; Science and technology innovation base construction project","award":["PT2107"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PT2107"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Ili River Delta (IRD) is the largest delta in the arid zone of Central Asia. Since the 1970s, the entire delta system has undergone a series of changes due to climate change and the impoundment of the Kapchagay Reservoir upstream of the delta, triggering an ecological crisis. Wetlands play a crucial ecological role in biodiversity conservation. Most studies have mainly focused on the response of vegetation and soil microbial to ecological changes in the delta, ignoring the dynamic processes of wetlands changes. Hence, such changes in the IRD and the underlying mechanisms need to be investigated in depth. In this study, wetlands in the IRD from 1975 to 2020 were extracted based on Landsat images using the object-oriented method; changes in the wetland area, wetland landscape pattern, NDVI, and NPP were analyzed; and the contributions of natural and human factors to wetland evolution were quantified. The results indicated the following: (1) From 1975 to 2020, the wetland area of the IRD showed an increasing trend, and changes in the wetland area were mainly found in the middle part of the delta near the Saryesik Peninsula. (2) The wetland landscape pattern in the IRD changed markedly from 1975 to 2020. The dominant patches of the wetland in the middle of the delta continued to expand; the patch aggregation index (AI) increased, and the landscape fragmentation index (LFI) decreased. (3) From 2000 to 2020, the average annual normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and net primary productivity (NPP) in the IRD increased, which is consistent with the change in wetland expansion. (4) Inflow to the delta from the Ili River and the water level of Balkhash Lake are significantly correlated with the wetland area, which are the dominant factors driving wetland evolution; and water evaporation from the Kapchagay Reservoir and irrigation water diversion on the left bank of the reservoir obviously intensified the process of lake water level decline and wetland degradation during 1970 to 1985. These results can provide scientific background for making informed ecological protection decisions in the IRD under the impacts of climate change and human activities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14163986","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,17]],"date-time":"2022-08-17T03:15:27Z","timestamp":1660706127000},"page":"3986","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Analysis of Spatial\u2013Temporal Variations and Driving Factors of Typical Tail-Reach Wetlands in the Ili-Balkhash Basin, Central Asia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Yijie","family":"Cao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geography and Remote sensing Sciences, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China"},{"name":"Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yonggang","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China"},{"name":"College of Ecology and Environment, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China"},{"name":"Xinjiang Jinghe Observation and Research Station of Temperate Desert Ecosystem, Ministry of Education, Urumqi 830046, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology of Education Ministry, Urumqi 830046, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6879-4818","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tie","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of GIS & RS Application, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi 830011, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1054-5966","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Junli","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of GIS & RS Application, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi 830011, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ruisen","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of GIS & RS Application, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi 830011, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1866-6268","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zheng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of GIS & RS Application, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi 830011, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chanjuan","family":"Zan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of GIS & RS Application, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi 830011, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"2720","article-title":"Remote sensing dynamic monitoring and ecological environmental changes of Bashang Plateau wetland from 2000 to 2018","volume":"11","author":"Jie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Miner. 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