{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,8]],"date-time":"2026-02-08T10:28:11Z","timestamp":1770546491688,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":109,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,16]],"date-time":"2022-08-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660608000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Tianshan Mountains Talent Project","award":["2021-32"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021-32"]}]},{"name":"Tianshan Mountains Talent Project","award":["2018YFC1507102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFC1507102"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2021-32"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021-32"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2018YFC1507102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFC1507102"]}]},{"name":"Uygur Autonomous Region Tianchi Project for Introducing High-Level Talents (2019)","award":["2021-32"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021-32"]}]},{"name":"Uygur Autonomous Region Tianchi Project for Introducing High-Level Talents (2019)","award":["2018YFC1507102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFC1507102"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The summer season raindrop size distribution (DSD) characteristics and their important applications, based on a PARSIVEL2 disdrometer installed in Zhaosu over the western Tianshan Mountains, China, in 2020\u20132021 are studied. Our analysis reveals that, for total rainfall and different rainfall types, the DSD in Zhaosu follows the normalized gamma distribution model, and convective rainfall has a higher raindrop concentration than stratiform rainfall at all diameters. For stratiform rainfall, the mean value of mass-weighted mean diameter (Dm) is lower than that of convective DSD, while the mean value of normalized intercept parameter (log10\u00a0Nw) is higher than that of convective DSD, and the summer season convective rainfall in Zhaosu is continental convective rainfall according to the conventional classification, which is characterized by relatively larger Dm and lower log10\u00a0Nw values. The derived \u00b5\u2013\u2227 relation in Zhaosu exhibits some differences from those reported in eastern, southern, and northern China and the Tibetan Plateau. Furthermore, derived Z\u2013R relations for stratiform and convective rainfall in Zhaosu are compared with those from other regions. Analysis shows that the empirical relation of Z = 300R1.4 (widely used), strongly overestimates the R of convective precipitation in Zhaosu. The C-band polarimetric radar rainfall estimation relations are derived, and the R(Zh,Zdr) and R(Kdp,Zdr) relations perform the best in quantitative precipitation estimation. Moreover, the empirical Dm\u2013Zku and Dm\u2013Zka relations are derived, which are beneficial to the improvement of rainfall retrieval algorithms of the GPM DPR. Lastly, rainfall kinetic energy relations proposed in this study can be used to better assess rainfall erosivity. The empirical relationships of DSD evaluated in this study provide an opportunity to (1) improve rainfall retrieval algorithms for both ground-based and remote sensing radars and to (2) enhance rainfall kinetic energy estimates in rainfall erosivity studies based on disdrometer and GPM DPR.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14163988","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,17]],"date-time":"2022-08-17T03:15:27Z","timestamp":1660706127000},"page":"3988","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Characteristics and Applications of Summer Season Raindrop Size Distributions Based on a PARSIVEL2 Disdrometer in the Western Tianshan Mountains (China)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2789-3040","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yong","family":"Zeng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Desert Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Urumqi 830002, China"},{"name":"Field Scientific Observation Base of Cloud Precipitation Physics in West Tianshan Mountains, Urumqi 830002, China"},{"name":"Xinjiang Cloud Precipitation Physics and Cloud Water Resources Development Laboratory, Urumqi 830002, China"}]},{"given":"Lianmei","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Desert Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Urumqi 830002, China"},{"name":"Field Scientific Observation Base of Cloud Precipitation Physics in West Tianshan Mountains, Urumqi 830002, China"},{"name":"Xinjiang Cloud Precipitation Physics and Cloud Water Resources Development Laboratory, Urumqi 830002, China"}]},{"given":"Zepeng","family":"Tong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Desert Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Urumqi 830002, China"},{"name":"Field Scientific Observation Base of Cloud Precipitation Physics in West Tianshan Mountains, Urumqi 830002, China"},{"name":"Xinjiang Cloud Precipitation Physics and Cloud Water Resources Development Laboratory, Urumqi 830002, China"}]},{"given":"Yufei","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Desert Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Urumqi 830002, China"},{"name":"Field Scientific Observation Base of Cloud Precipitation Physics in West Tianshan Mountains, Urumqi 830002, China"},{"name":"Xinjiang Cloud Precipitation Physics and Cloud Water Resources Development Laboratory, Urumqi 830002, China"}]},{"given":"Ping","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Desert Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Urumqi 830002, China"},{"name":"Field Scientific Observation Base of Cloud Precipitation Physics in West Tianshan Mountains, Urumqi 830002, China"},{"name":"Xinjiang Cloud Precipitation Physics and Cloud Water Resources Development Laboratory, Urumqi 830002, China"}]},{"given":"Yushu","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Cloud-Precipitation Physics and Severe Storms, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"College of Earth Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1175\/0065-9401(2003)030<0237:CMPPAR>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Cloud microphysical properties, processes, and rainfall estimation opportunities","volume":"30","author":"Rosenfeld","year":"2003","journal-title":"Meteorol. 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