{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]],"date-time":"2026-02-23T11:08:54Z","timestamp":1771844934823,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":120,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,17]],"date-time":"2022-08-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660694400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000104","name":"NASA Making Earth System Data Records","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["80NSSC18K0994"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["80NSSC18K0994"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000104","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000104","name":"NASA Making Earth System Data Records","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["80NSSC17K0378"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["80NSSC17K0378"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000104","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"NASA Earth and Space Science Fellowship Program","award":["80NSSC18K0994"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["80NSSC18K0994"]}]},{"name":"NASA Earth and Space Science Fellowship Program","award":["80NSSC17K0378"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["80NSSC17K0378"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The impact of land cover change across the planet continues to necessitate accurate methods to detect and monitor evolving processes from satellite imagery. In this context, regional and global land cover mapping over time has largely treated time as independent and addressed temporal map consistency as a post-classification endeavor. However, we argue that time can be better modeled as codependent during the model classification stage to produce more consistent land cover estimates over long time periods and gradual change events. To produce temporally-dependent land cover estimates\u2014meaning land cover is predicted over time in connected sequences as opposed to predictions made for a given time period without consideration of past land cover\u2014we use structured learning with conditional random fields (CRFs), coupled with a land cover augmentation method to produce time series training data and bi-weekly Landsat imagery over 20 years (1999\u20132018) across the Southern Cone region of South America. A CRF accounts for the natural dependencies of land change processes. As a result, it is able to produce land cover estimates over time that better reflect real change and stability by reducing pixel-level annual noise. Using CRF, we produced a twenty-year dataset of land cover over the region, depicting key change processes such as cropland expansion and tree cover loss at the Landsat scale. The augmentation and CRF approach introduced here provides a more temporally consistent land cover product over traditional mapping methods.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14164005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,17]],"date-time":"2022-08-17T22:53:30Z","timestamp":1660776810000},"page":"4005","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Temporally-Consistent Annual Land Cover from Landsat Time Series in the Southern Cone of South America"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Jordan","family":"Graesser","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth and Environment, Boston University, 685 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9617-5830","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Radost","family":"Stanimirova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth and Environment, Boston University, 685 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA"}]},{"given":"Katelyn","family":"Tarrio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth and Environment, Boston University, 685 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA"}]},{"given":"Esteban J.","family":"Copati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bolsa de Cereales, Av. Corrientes 123, Buenos Aires C1043, Argentina"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 N.","family":"Volante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Estaci\u00f3n Experimental Agropecuaria Salta, Instituto Nacional de Tecnolog\u00eda Agropecuaria (INTA), Ruta Nacional 68, km 172, Salta A4403, Argentina"}]},{"given":"Santiago R.","family":"Ver\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Agronom\u00eda, Universidad de Buenos Aires-CONICET, Av. San Mart\u00edn 4453, Buenos Aires C1417, Argentina"},{"name":"Instituto de Clima y Agua, Instituto Nacional de Tecnolog\u00eda Agropecuaria (INTA), Nicolas Repetto y de los Reseros S\/N, Hurlingham B1712, Argentina"}]},{"given":"Santiago","family":"Banchero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Clima y Agua, Instituto Nacional de Tecnolog\u00eda Agropecuaria (INTA), Nicolas Repetto y de los Reseros S\/N, Hurlingham B1712, Argentina"}]},{"given":"Hernan","family":"Elena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Estaci\u00f3n Experimental Agropecuaria Salta, Instituto Nacional de Tecnolog\u00eda Agropecuaria (INTA), Ruta Nacional 68, km 172, Salta A4403, Argentina"}]},{"given":"Diego de","family":"Abelleyra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Clima y Agua, Instituto Nacional de Tecnolog\u00eda Agropecuaria (INTA), Nicolas Repetto y de los Reseros S\/N, Hurlingham B1712, Argentina"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6899-2948","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark A.","family":"Friedl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth and Environment, Boston University, 685 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1007\/s00704-013-0900-6","article-title":"On the relationship between vegetation and climate in tropical and northern Africa","volume":"115","author":"Schmidt","year":"2014","journal-title":"Theor. 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