{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T02:18:32Z","timestamp":1771467512709,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,18]],"date-time":"2022-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660780800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["WUT: 2022IVA035"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WUT: 2022IVA035"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022EJD010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022EJD010"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42004017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42004017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20-02-06"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20-02-06"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Hubei Provincial Science and Technology Innovation Talents","award":["WUT: 2022IVA035"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WUT: 2022IVA035"]}]},{"name":"Hubei Provincial Science and Technology Innovation Talents","award":["2022EJD010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022EJD010"]}]},{"name":"Hubei Provincial Science and Technology Innovation Talents","award":["42004017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42004017"]}]},{"name":"Hubei Provincial Science and Technology Innovation Talents","award":["20-02-06"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20-02-06"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["WUT: 2022IVA035"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WUT: 2022IVA035"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022EJD010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022EJD010"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42004017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42004017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20-02-06"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20-02-06"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Geospace Environment and Geodesy, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University","award":["WUT: 2022IVA035"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WUT: 2022IVA035"]}]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Geospace Environment and Geodesy, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University","award":["2022EJD010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022EJD010"]}]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Geospace Environment and Geodesy, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University","award":["42004017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42004017"]}]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Geospace Environment and Geodesy, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University","award":["20-02-06"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20-02-06"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Global Positioning System (GPS) has been confirmed to be a feasible tool to measure displacement of civil engineering structures. In this paper, we report on an analysis of annual deformations of a pumped-storage power station dam using historical GPS observations. Data spanning more than nine years are resolved using the GAMIT (GPS at MIT) software, and a GPS time-series method is employed to extract linear trends and annual cycle signals. It is evident that the monument located on the main dam has a linear trend, with rates of 1.0 mm\/yr and 1.8 mm\/yr in east and up directions, respectively. Annual cycles with amplitudes larger than 0.5 mm are shown in coordinate components at all monitoring stations. However, the annual amplitude can be 30\u201384% lower when a monitoring station whose monument materials and height are similar to other monitoring stations is chosen as the reference station. This suggests that differential thermal expansion of monuments could be 30% to 80% and even higher in baseline time series. A spurious offset style annual signal with 5 mm amplitude that is highly correlated with annual temperature variance is observed in the east\u2013west direction of the monitoring station located at the east side of the reservoir. This suggests that upper ground layer movement correlated with temperature could be responsible for these annual cycles. Meanwhile, no periodic correlations are observed between the water level data and the baseline time series.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14164018","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,18]],"date-time":"2022-08-18T23:28:41Z","timestamp":1660865321000},"page":"4018","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Analysis of Annual Deformation Characteristics of Xilongchi Dam Using Historical GPS Observations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Ruijie","family":"Xi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Wuhan University of Technology, 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan 430070, China"},{"name":"GNSS Research Center, Wuhan University, 129 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, China"},{"name":"Hainan Institute, Wuhan University of Technology, Innovation Road, Sanya 572025, China"}]},{"given":"Yuhan","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GNSS Research Center, Wuhan University, 129 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0068-0141","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qusen","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GNSS Research Center, Wuhan University, 129 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, China"}]},{"given":"Weiping","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GNSS Research Center, Wuhan University, 129 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, China"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GNSS Research Center, Wuhan University, 129 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, China"}]},{"given":"Simin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GNSS Research Center, Wuhan University, 129 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1007\/s13349-014-0079-2","article-title":"Health monitoring of concrete dams: A literature review","volume":"4","author":"Bukenya","year":"2014","journal-title":"Struct. 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