{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T23:10:30Z","timestamp":1784589030948,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,18]],"date-time":"2022-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660780800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research program","award":["2019QZKK0308"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019QZKK0308"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Local climate zones (LCZs) provide a comprehensive framework to examine surface urban heat islands (SUHIs), but information is lacking on their thermal contributions and spatial effects in different macroclimate cities. A standard framework for distinguishing between the cooling effect and heating effect and spatial effect analysis based on the LCZ scheme was conducted in five distinct macroclimate cities, i.e., Yuanjiang (arid climate), Jinghong (tropical climate), Kunming (subtropical climate), Zhaotong (temperate climate), and Shangri-La (alpine climate). The results indicated that (1) built-up zones presented heating effects in Jinghong and Shangri-La, but opposite results were observed in Yuanjiang and Zhaotong. (2) The thermal contributions of natural zones with dense trees (LCZAs) and waterbodies (LCZGs) showed cooling effects in the five cities regardless of season. (3) The spatial effect of heating LCZs on land surface temperature (LST) was more significant than that of cooling LCZs in Jinghong and Shangri-La, but the opposite results occurred in Yuanjiang and Kunming. Moreover, the spatial effect was lower in Zhaotong than in other cities. (4) Lower LST differences between natural zones and built-up zones in winter than in summer decreased the spatial effects. In summary, the thermal contributions of LCZs and their spatial heating\/cooling effects were different among five distinct climate backgrounds, which implies that targeted measures must be used in different macroclimates.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14164029","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,18]],"date-time":"2022-08-18T23:28:41Z","timestamp":1660865321000},"page":"4029","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Thermal Contribution of the Local Climate Zone and Its Spatial Distribution Effect on Land Surface Temperature in Different Macroclimate Cities"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3984-6105","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ninglv","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3888-859X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liding","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiming","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (2019). World Urbanization Prospects 2018: Highlights, United Nations."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"The energetic basis of the urban heat island","volume":"108","author":"Oke","year":"1982","journal-title":"Q. J. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Basara, J.B., Basara, H.G., Illston, B.G., and Crawford, K.C. (2010). The Impact of the Urban Heat Island during an Intense Heat Wave in Oklahoma City. Adv. Meteorol., 2010.","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/230365"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roxon, J., Ulm, F.J., and Pellenq, R.J.M. (2020). Urban heat island impact on state residential energy cost and CO2 emissions in the United States. Urban Clim., 31.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.uclim.2019.100546"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, D., Xiao, J., Bonafoni, S., Berger, C., Deilami, K., Zhou, Y., Frolking, S., Yao, R., Qiao, Z., and Sobrino, J. (2018). Satellite Remote Sensing of Surface Urban Heat Islands: Progress, Challenges, and Perspectives. Remote. Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11010048"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marshall, B., Ezekiel, C., Gichuki, J., Mkumbo, O., Sitoki, L., and Wanda, F. (2009). Global warming is reducing thermal stability and mitigating the effects of eutrophication in Lake Victoria (East Africa). Nat. Preced.","DOI":"10.1038\/npre.2009.3726.1"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"30","article-title":"Urban heat island effect: A systematic review of spatio-temporal factors, data, methods, and mitigation measures","volume":"67","author":"Deilami","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Su, Y., Wu, J., Zhang, C., Wu, X., Li, Q., Liu, L., Bi, C., Zhang, H., Lafortezza, R., and Chen, X. (2022). Estimating the cooling effect magnitude of urban vegetation in different climate zones using multi-source remote sensing. Urban Clim., 43.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.uclim.2022.101155"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1029\/2018EF000891","article-title":"Cooling Effect of Urban Trees on the Built Environment of Contiguous United States","volume":"6","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Earth\u2019s Future"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.uclim.2017.05.010","article-title":"Investigating the relationship between local climate zone and land surface temperature using an improved WUDAPT methodology\u2014A case study of Yangtze River Delta, China","volume":"24","author":"Cai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Urban Clim."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, X., Xu, Y., Yang, J., Wu, Z., and Zhu, H. (2020). Remote sensing of urban thermal environments within local climate zones: A case study of two high-density subtropical Chinese cities. Urban Clim., 31.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.uclim.2019.100568"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"76","article-title":"Dynamics and controls of urban heat sink and island phenomena in a desert city: Development of a local climate zone scheme using remotely-sensed inputs","volume":"51","author":"Nassar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, Q., Huang, X., and Li, J. (2017). Assessing the relationship between surface urban heat islands and landscape patterns across climatic zones in China. Sci. Rep., 7.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-09628-w"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00162741","article-title":"Indices of landscape pattern","volume":"1","author":"Krummel","year":"1988","journal-title":"Landsc. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.07.012","article-title":"Influences of land cover types, meteorological conditions, anthropogenic heat and urban area on surface urban heat island in the Yangtze River Delta Urban Agglomeration","volume":"571","author":"Du","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.07.008","article-title":"Impacts of landscape structure on surface urban heat islands: A case study of Shanghai, China","volume":"115","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"Remote. Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13462","article-title":"Strong contributions of local background climate to urban heat islands","volume":"511","author":"Zhao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2915","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1315126111","article-title":"Afforestation in China cools local land surface temperature","volume":"111","author":"Peng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1040","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.01.158","article-title":"Utilising green and bluespace to mitigate urban heat island intensity","volume":"584","author":"Gunawardena","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.03.377","article-title":"How to Quantify the relationship between spatial distribution of urban waterbodies and land surface temperature?","volume":"671","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aslam, A., and Rana, I.A. (2022). The use of local climate zones in the urban environment: A systematic review of data sources, methods, and themes. Urban Clim., 42.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.uclim.2022.101120"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oke, T.R., Mills, G., Christen, A., and Voogt, J.A. (2017). Urban Climates, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/9781139016476"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.3746","article-title":"Evaluation of the \u2018local climate zone\u2019 scheme using temperature observations and model simulations","volume":"34","author":"Stewart","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.uclim.2018.10.001","article-title":"Generating WUDAPT level 0 data\u2014Current status of production and evaluation","volume":"27","author":"Bechtel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Urban Clim."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.uclim.2019.01.005","article-title":"SUHI analysis using Local Climate Zones\u2014A comparison of 50 cities","volume":"28","author":"Bechtel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Urban Clim."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Lin, Z., and Xu, H. (2016, January 4\u20136). A Study of urban heat island intensity based on \u201clocal climate zones\u201d: A case study in Fuzhou, China. Proceedings of the 4th International Workshop on Earth Observation and Remote Sensing Applications (EORSA), Guangzhou, China."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ochola, E.M., Fakharizadehshirazi, E., Adimo, A.O., Mukundi, J.B., Wesonga, J.M., and Sodoudi, S. (2020). Inter-Local climate zone differentiation of land surface temperatures for management of Urban Heat in Nairobi City, Kenya. Urban Clim., 31.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.uclim.2019.100540"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shih, W. (2017, January 6\u20138). The impact of urban development patterns on thermal distribution in Taipei. Proceedings of the 2017 Joint Urban Remote Sensing Event (JURSE), Dubai, United Arab Emirates.","DOI":"10.1109\/JURSE.2017.7924634"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2018.04.009","article-title":"Assessing local climate zones in arid cities: The case of Phoenix, Arizona and Las Vegas, Nevada","volume":"141","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogr. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"277","article-title":"Linking the Local Climate Zones and Land Surface Temperature to Investigate the Surface Urban Heat Island, a Case Study of San Antonio, Texas, U.S","volume":"3","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"ISPRS Ann. Photogr. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1080\/15481603.2020.1843869","article-title":"Use of Local Climate Zones to investigate surface urban heat islands in Texas","volume":"57","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"GIScience Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2015.01.031","article-title":"Projected impact of climate change on the effectiveness of the existing protected area network for biodiversity conservation within Yunnan province, China","volume":"184","author":"Zomer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biol. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"336","article-title":"A fine mesh climate division and the selection of representative climate stations in Yunnan Province","volume":"34","author":"Xu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trans. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"102","article-title":"Influence of neighbourhood information on \u2018Local Climate Zone\u2019 mapping in heterogeneous cities","volume":"62","author":"Verdonck","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1879","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-D-11-00019.1","article-title":"Local Climate Zones for Urban Temperature Studies","volume":"93","author":"Stewart","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.3390\/rs70100647","article-title":"A Practical Split-Window Algorithm for Estimating Land Surface Temperature from Landsat 8 Data","volume":"7","author":"Du","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1723","DOI":"10.1002\/2014JD022619","article-title":"Atmospheric water vapor retrieval from Landsat 8 thermal infrared images","volume":"120","author":"Ren","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.01.165","article-title":"Spatial regression models of park and land-use impacts on the urban heat island in central Beijing","volume":"626","author":"Dai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, J., Ren, J., Sun, D., Xiao, X., Xia, J., Jin, C., and Li, X. (2021). Understanding land surface temperature impact factors based on local climate zones. Sustain. Cities Soc., 69.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2021.102818"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, J., Wang, Y., Xiao, X., Jin, C., Xia, J., and Li, X. (2019). Spatial differentiation of urban wind and thermal environment in different grid sizes. Urban Clim., 28.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.uclim.2019.100458"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eldesoky, A.H.M., Gil, J., and Pont, M.B. (2021). The suitability of the urban local climate zone classification scheme for surface temperature studies in distinct macroclimate regions. Urban Clim., 37.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.uclim.2021.100823"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khoshnoodmotlagh, S., Daneshi, A., Gharari, S., Verrelst, J., Mirzaei, M., and Omrani, H. (2021). Urban morphology detection and it\u2032s linking with land surface temperature: A case study for Tehran Metropolis, Iran. Sustain. Cities Soc., 74.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2021.103228"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Du, P., Chen, J., Bai, X., and Han, W. (2020). Understanding the seasonal variations of land surface temperature in Nanjing urban area based on local climate zone. Urban Clim., 33.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.uclim.2020.100657"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wetzel, R.G. (2001). 6\u2014Fate of Heat. Limnology, Academic Press. [3rd ed.].","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-057439-4.50010-1"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, D., Liao, W., Rigden, A.J., Liu, X., Wang, D., Malyshev, S., and Shevliakova, E. (2019). Urban heat island: Aerodynamics or imperviousness?. Sci. Adv., 5.","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aau4299"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, C., Li, Y., Myint, S.W., Zhao, Q., and Wentz, E.A. (2019). Impacts of spatial clustering of urban land cover on land surface temperature across K\u00f6ppen climate zones in the contiguous United States. Landsc. Urban Plan., 192.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2019.103668"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2015.10.003","article-title":"Micro-scale thermal performance of tropical urban parks in Singapore","volume":"94","author":"Hwang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Build. Environ."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/16\/4029\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:11:46Z","timestamp":1760141506000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/16\/4029"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,18]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]}},"alternative-id":["rs14164029"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs14164029","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,18]]}}}